Education and Religious and Governmental Schools in the Holy Karbala City in the Ottoman Reign

A. Mohsin Al- Saadi, Intisar

	Education and Religious and Governmental Schools in the Holy Karbala City in the Ottoman Reign
KARBALĀʾ HERITAGE Quarterly Authorized Journal Specialized in Karbalāʾ Heritage
Article 1, Volume 4, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 283-334
Author
Intisar A. Mohsin Al- Saadi
Abstract
The social ,economic and political situation in Iraq had an effect on the intellectual aspect of life . The cultural and education al educational side received no attention from the Ottoman state as the educational services and requirements were not of its concern until the mid of the nineteenth century but that task was given to individuals and groups . Before the emergence and establishment of modern schools , education in Iraq was restricted to 'Al- Katateeb' where Arabic was the only language of teaching and such 'Katateeb' were the only source of graduating the educated people in addition to the religious schools which were considered a continuation and extension of the Arabic schools in the Islamic period . Before the application of the modern educational system by the Ottoman state in the nineteenth century , Katateeb were the only way and source of teaching during the Ottoman Reign . As a result , the Ottoman government faced some difficulties when opening delayed and late schools in the early stage of the twentieth century Firstly, Karbala was considered the centre of the intellectual and Islamic radiation; secondly , as it was the centre of the religious Hawza due to its distinguished and remarkable religious and scholastic position , it has become the focus of attention and the target and destination for thousands of students and jurisprudence and religious men seeking knowledge from different parts of the Islamic world so as to get knowledge on the principles of the Islamic Sharia . Accordingly Karbala continued to have its intellectual role due to its being the centre of Al- Marjiah' ( the most pious men) and also due to its being an important centre of the intellectual radiation . The present research fell into three sections with an introduction and a conclusion Section one was devoted to show the beginning of the intellectual movement in the city while section two showed the major tributaries and sources of the intellectual movement in Karbala , of Katateeb and the religious schools Section three, the other hand , focused on the emergence and establishment of the official and governmental education and the schools which appeared at that time . In brief , the governmental education in Iraq gradually spread represented by its schools and institutes . Before that , the educational systems were considered elementary and not developed ; their aims and advantage were restricted . The emergence and spreading of the governmental education played a great role and was considered an important factor in the prosperity of the intellectual thinking in Iraq during the late Ottoman Reign

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