Mamluk Sultans Pilgrimages and their Cultural Effects in the Land of the Two Holy Sanctuaries

	Mamluk Sultans Pilgrimages and their Cultural Effects in the Land of the Two Holy Sanctuaries
JOURNAL OF HISTORICAL & CULTURAL STUDIES an academic magazin
Article 1, Volume 9, Issue 26, 2017, Pages 70-109
Abstract
This study deals with the mamluk sultans pilgrimages and their cultural effects in the Land of the Two Holy Sanctuaries in the era of Sultan Baybars (658-676 AH / 1260-1279 AD) and also Sultan al Nasir Muhammad (693-741 AH / 1294-1341 AD) who was one of the Sultans that performed most the rite of Hajj as he pilgrimaged three times throughout his reign. On the other hand, Sultan al-Ashraf Qa'it Bey (872-901 AH / 1473-1501 AD) was the last ruler who performed Hajj. Those trips led to many cultural effects, either on the population of the Two Holy Sanctuaries, which resulted in their prosperity and livelihood amplitude- thanks to the interference of the Sultans during pilgrimage seasons to cancel tolls and taxes that burdened the people and rescued them from unfair princes-, or the architectural effects on of the Holy Mosque, Kaaba, the Prophet's mosque and the Holy Places. This indicates their supervision throughout the year, accelerating the provision of construction and renovation work as well as reparations achieved by the best engineers and builders, using the finest building materials, especially after the fire that struck the Prophet's mosque in the years 655 AH / 1257 AD and 886 AH / 1488 AD. There were also effects on the scientific field. The Mamluk state established Coranic, Islamic and educational schools as well as libraries

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