Self-Reporting Questionnaire on Gingival Bleeding Among Dental Students at University of Sulaimani

Zorab, Shamal S.; Zardawi, Faraedun M.; Khursheed, Dler A.; Gul, Sarhang S.

doi:10.17656/sdj.10068

	Self-Reporting Questionnaire on Gingival Bleeding Among Dental Students at University of Sulaimani
Sulaimani Dental Journal
Article 4, Volume 4, Issue 1, 2017, Pages 25-29 PDF (162.71 K)
DOI: 10.17656/sdj.10068
Authors
Shamal S. Zorab; Faraedun M. Zardawi; Dler A. Khursheed; Sarhang S. Gul
Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq.
Abstract
Objective: Gingival bleeding during tooth brushing and eating is a clinical sign of gingivitis and periodontitis, or infrequently due to some associated systemic conditions or diseases such as vitamin C deficiency and blood diseases. Periodontal diseases are the six most prevalent conditions affecting human kind that are associated with plaque. The aims of this study were to determine self-experience gingival bleeding among dental students and their knowledge toward etiology, pathogenesis and management of gingival bleeding. Methods: This questionnaire-based study was conducted on dental students, the questioner form included experience of gingival bleeding among students, their family experience of gingival bleeding, students’ view to address this issue by either stopping tooth brushing and/or other oral hygiene measures or by visiting a dentist to manage the problem. Furthermore, the questioner examined students’ knowledge on cause of bleeding and factors (systemic and habits) that associated with it. Results: Three hundred students answered the questioner and the frequency of gingival bleeding were: 15.7% experienced frequent gingival bleeding, 51.6% showed rare gingival bleeding and 32.6% with no experience of gingival bleeding. More than 44% of the students answered that at least one of their family member experienced gingival bleeding. Mechanical stimuli such as tooth brushing were the cause of gingival bleeding of 66.3% participants. Gingival bleeding was also reported by eating hard food like apple (9%) and early morning gingival bleeding (5.3%). After bleeding, 16.7% visited the dentist and 19.3% of students stopped tooth brushing. Around half of the participants related gingival bleeding to the gingival disease itself, whereas, the other half related to other diseases. Conclusions: Gingival bleeding is prevalent among dental students and their family members. Student’s knowledge of the cause of gingival bleeding was limited. Furthermore, students’ reaction to manage bleeding gingiva is controversial.
Keywords
Gingival bleeding; Dental student; Student knowledge

References
1. Löe H, Theilade E, Jensen SB. Experimental gingivitis in man. J Periodontol. 1965;36(3):177-87. 2. Sambunjak D, Nickerson JW, Poklepovic T, Johnson TM, Imai P, Tugwell P, et al. Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011. 3. Armitage GC. Periodontal diseases: diagnosis. Ann Periodontol. 1996;1(1):37-215. 4. Baumgartner WJ, Weis RP, Reyher JL. The diagnostic value of redness in gingivitis. J Periodontol. 1966;37(4):294-7. 5. Carter HG, Barnes GP. The gingival bleeding index. J Periodontol. 1974;45(11):801-5. 6. Greenstein G. The role of bleeding upon probing in the diagnosis of periodontal disease: a literature* review. J Periodontol. 1984;55(12):684-8. 7. Newman MG, Takei H, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA. Carranza's clinical periodontology: Elsevier health sciences; 2011. 8. Heasman P. Master Dentistry E-Book: Volume 2: Restorative Dentistry, Paediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008. 9. Haffajee A, Socransky S, Goodson J. Clinical parameters as predictors of destructive periodontal disease activity. J Clin Periodontol. 1983;10(3):257- 65. 10. Haffajee A, Socransky S, Lindhe J, Kent R, Okamoto H, Yoneyama T. Clinical risk indicators for periodontal attachment loss. J Clin Periodontol. 1991;18(2):117-25. 11. Armitage GC. Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol. 1999;4(1):1-6. 12. Dietrich T, Bernimoulin J-P, Glynn RJ. The effect of cigareté smoking on gingival bleeding. J Periodontol. 2004;75(1):16-22. 13. Preber H, Bergström J. Occurrence of gingival bleeding in smoker and non-smoker patients. Acta Odontol Scand. 1985;43(5):315-20. 14. Schwarz E, Lo E. Dental health knowledge and attitudes among the middle‐aged and the elderly in Hong Kong. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1994;22(5):358-63. 15. Gilbert A, Nuttall N. periodontology: Self-reporting of periodontal health status. Br Dent J. 1999;186(5):241-4. 16. Taani DQ. Periodontal awareness and knowledge, and pattern of dental attendance among adults in Jordan. Int Dent J. 2002;52(2):94-8. 17. Anderson D. Gingival colours. J Ont Dent Assoc. 1954;31(182):14. 18. Löe H. The gingival index, the plaque index and the retention index systems. J Periodontol. 1967;38(6 Part II):610-6. 19. Almas K, Albaker A, Felembam N. Knowledge of dental health and diseases among dental patients, a multicentre study in Saudi Arabia. Indian J Dent Res. 2000;11(4):145-55. 20. Heasman L, Stacey F, Preshaw P, McCracken G, Hepburn S, Heasman P. The effect of smoking on periodontal treatment response: a review of clinical evidence. J Clin Periodontol. 2006;33(4):241-53. 21. Karjalainen KM, Knuuttila ML. The onset of diabetes and poor metabolic control increases gingival bleeding in children and adolescents with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Periodontol. 1996;23(12):1060-7. 22. Geerlings SE, Hoepelman AI. Immune dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1999;26(3‐4):259-65. 23. Genco RJ. Current view of risk factors for periodontal diseases. J Periodontol. 1996;67(10s):1041-9. 24. Gaare D, Rolla G, Aryadi FJ, Ouderaa F. Improvement of gingival health by tooth brushing in individuals with large amounts of calculus. J Clin Periodontol. 1990;17(1):38-41.
Statistics Article View: 13 PDF Download: 98