Bacterial contamination associated with mobile phones used by students at Basrah Medical College, Basrah, Iraq

Introduction

Human skin is in constant contact with microorganisms and becomes easily colonized by certain microbial species. Almost every surface of adult human skin is covered with several microflora and sometimes exposed to pathogenic microbes. During a phone call, the mobile phone comes into close contact with contaminated human body areas, hand to hand, and hand to other areas such as mouth, nose and ears. ^{1 , 2} This connection may result in the transfer of potential pathogens found on the human skin to mobile phones. It was suggested that infection may be caused by telephone contact and that fears come from the device itself as a source of infection. The fact is that the phone is being used more and more in a global world. ³ As well, mobile phones have also become an external source of infection, not only for patients in hospitals, but also for potential health risks for workers and family members. ⁴ Moreover, sharing mobile phones among friends may directly facilitate the spread of pathogenic bacteria in society. ⁵ The microorganisms in the skin may differ from one person to another. Each person may have different hand flora among the public; it may represent the community environment (for example, the health community may have a different commensal that is different from society in the general environment). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been identified from the surface of the mobile phone and door handles, chairs and handrails. This organism is a real pathogen and its spread causes a lot of health risks. ^{6 , 7} In many countries, the number of mobile phones exceeds the number of landlines, replacing land phones, as most adults, many young people and children now own mobile phones. At present, Asia enjoys the fastest rate of growth for mobile subscribers in the world. Many users may not care about the health risks of a mobile phone. Different users may use the same phone, which may increase the chance of spread of a group of microorganisms and make them a good carrier of microbes. Therefore, this study was aimed to identify microbial contamination of mobile phones among students of Basrah Medical College in southern Iraq and to determine the microbial species associated with these phones.

Subjects and methods

Sample collection:

After getting the ethical approval from the committee board of the Iraqi health and higher education authority. The samples were collected aseptically with sterile swabs moistened with sterile normal saline solution over a period of four weeks from 7 April to 30 April 2019. One hundred mobile devices were included in this study. The wet swab was rolled over the exposed surfaces of the mobile phones. Care was taken to ensure that all keyboard, screen, mouth, earpiece, side, and back of cell phones were properly swabbed because these areas are the most frequent locations when touching fingers and skin. All participants were declared consent and were taken prior of collecting the samples.

Sample inoculation and bacterial identification:

After the collection, the samples were immediately transferred to the laboratory (Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine) and were inoculated on plates of nutrient agar, blood agar, MacConkey agar and mannitol salt agar. The plates were incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24-48 hours. After incubation, plates were examined for growth and for description of colonial morphology of the isolates. ^{8 , 9} Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were determined according to standard microbiological procedures. Pure cultures from all the isolates were prepared and subjected to Gram staining. Then for the primary identification, various biochemical tests such as oxidase test, indole test, urease test, citrate test, triple sugar iron test, catalase, and coagulase test were performed as previously described.9 Standard kits of API 20E biochemical test (HiMedia Laboratories, Mumbai, India) were also used to confirm identity of the isolates.

Results

One hundred mobile phones used by Basrah medical college students were examined: 75 were from students entering clinic sessions and 25 were from students studying basic science. From the 100 mobile phone swabs, pure cultures were detected on most of the inoculated plates and mixed isolates appeared in a small number of plates. A total of 137 isolates were recognized: 37 Staphylococcus aureus, 33 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 21 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 12 Proteus spp., 17 Escherichia coli, 4 Neisseria sicca, 7 Acinetobacter spp., 3 Bacillus subtilis, 1 Enterobacter aerogenes, and 2 Candida spp. (Table-1; Figure 1A & B).

Figure 1. .A total of 75 mobile phones samples from students attending clinical sessions (Group 1) and 25 samples from students mobile attending only sessions for basics science (Group 2) were cultured, out of which, 30 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant organism isolated from the mobiles of first group of students whereas, Staphylococcus epidermidis (11 isolates) was the predominant organism isolated from the second group of students mobile. The distribution of bacterial isolates among those groups is shown in (Table-2)

A total of 75 mobile phones samples from students attending clinical sessions (Group 1) and 25 samples from students mobile attending only sessions for basics science (Group 2) were cultured, out of which, 30 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant organism isolated from the mobiles of first group of students whereas, Staphylococcus epidermidis (11 isolates) was the predominant organism isolated from the second group of students mobile. The distribution of bacterial isolates among those groups is shown in (Table-2)

Discussion

A variety of microorganisms were found on the mobile phones. However, the standard hygiene is very important issues for the people in contact with mobile. In this study, several microorganisms were isolated, some were real pathogens and others were a normal flora and commensal at the skin. These pathogens may become disease-prone when they have the opportunity to do so. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and others (Table-1) were the main bacterial isolates frequently associated with mobile phones. These organisms may have found their way to the phone through the skin and from hand to hand contact. These organisms are the normal microflora resides on the skin which was mentioned earlier. ¹⁰ The various hygiene profiles are followed and recognized among people in the community. Therefore, dealing with a mobile phone by many users results in regular skin contact with the phone and may result in the frequency of the variance, and the degree of population of the isolates. This might have many health concerns. On the other hand, the environment of the hospital plays a very important role in the transfer of microorganisms, where it was observed that the students of the first group who contacted patients or devices or things such as speakers, or bronchoscope, pens, computer keyboards, Obtain pathogenic bacteria and symbiosis on their mobile phones colonized by these bacteria, this finding is in agreement with other studies, ^{11 , 12} which reported the same findings from the mobile phones of health care workers (HCWs) and non-HCWs. It has been also reported that the HCWs workers had a heavy mobile phone contamination as compared with non-HCWs. ^{4 , 13} The reasons for obtaining more isolates from HCWs may be the result of direct contact with the patients. Monitoring hospital standards for infection prevention may also contribute to the detection of high bacterial contamination. Personal behavior and mobile phone style may also affect the amount of pollution in mobile phones. ¹⁴

In one study, researchers discovered that cell phones are usually dirtier than a toilet seat or shoe bottom. ¹⁵ The continuous processing of mobile phones by different users reveals a range of microorganisms, making them a good carrier of microbes This is especially recognizable with the skin, due to the moisture and optimum temperature of the human body especially the palm as well as the heat generated by cell phones and prefer colonization and reproduction of microorganisms. These devices can contain many potential pathogens and act as an external source of nosocomial infections among patients in hospitals. ¹⁶ Staphylococcus aureus is known to cause many diseases ranging from minor skin infections to more serious diseases, including pneumonia, bacteremia, septicemia, meningitis. MRSA is particularly important in the medical community, as it has developed resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. ¹⁷ The present study found that Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant microorganism isolated; this bacterium is very important pathogen and can be transferred through the mobile phone to the public community. This finding is in agreements with other researchers. ^{17 - 19} High rate of Staphylococcus epidermidis were also reported in this study. This organism is normally found on skin as normal flora, and this might be the reason for their high rate of growth from the mobile phones in the present study. The presence of a Gram-negative rod, Enterobacter aerogenes, a member of the coliform group, indicates the potential for contamination of faeces on the mobile phone. Gram-negative sepsis is most commonly due to E. coli, Enterobacter spp , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ²⁰ which have been also isolated in high rate in this study. Isolation of Bacillus subtilis was also determined frequency of occurrence as a vital organism in the spoilage of food. ²¹ Undoubtedly, this contributes greatly to food damage and food contamination if food is prepared or eaten with infected hands. Acinetobacter baumannii is a pathogenic organism that can cause healthcare-associated infections (HAI). This organism has recently emerged as a major cause of HAIs due to its resistance to antimicrobials and its tendency to cause large nosocomial outbreaks. ²²Neisseria sicca is a gram-negative diplococcus found as normal human oral and upper respiratory tract flora; it is considered one of the commensal Neisseria species. This organism has the ability to decompose hydrogen peroxide, live as a commensal in the oropharynx with commensal producing hydrogen peroxide and dissolved oral flora of hydrogen peroxide in salivary deposits and plaque. ^{23 , 24} Simple control measures are very important to reduce potential contamination of the device. Cleaning of the phone and computers with 70% alcohol may reduce bacterial load. ^{25 , 26} Some of these measures can make portable surfaces pollution-free. Hand washing and wearing gloves by the staff are also good preventive procedures. ^{7 , 25 , 27} In fact, such simple control measures can reduce morbidity and mortality and thus reduce the cost of medical care for hospitals and other caregivers.

Conclusion

The study revealed that bacteria colonized mobile phones of medical students and the contaminated mobile phones are able to transport microbes that may be able to produce serious disease. There is a need for preventive care to reduce the impact of contaminated mobile phones on the spread of microbes and control measures should be applicable for this reason. Further investigations are recommended to provide evidence that better mobile phone hygiene will protect the spread of nosocomial infections.

References

1. Philip AM. The normal microbial flora. N Engl J Med. 1982; 307: 83-93.
2. Elkholy M, and Ewees I. Mobile (cellular) phone contamination with nosocomial pathogens in Intensive Care Units. Med J Cairo Univ. 2010; 2: 1-5.
3. Aronson SH.The Lancet on the telephone 1876-1975. Med Hist. 1977; 21: 69-87
4. Arora U, Devi P, Chadha A, Malhotra S. Cell phones a modern stay house for bacterial pathogens. J K Science. 2009; 11: 127-129.
5. Chawla K, Mukhopadhayay C, Gurung B, Bhate P, Bairy I. Bacterial “Cell” Phones: Do cell phones carry potential pathogens? OJHAS. 2009; 8(1): 8. http://www.ojhas.org/issue29/2009-1-8.htm
6. Selim HS., and Abaza AF. Microbial contamination of mobile phones in a health care setting in Alexandria, Egypt. GMS Hyg Infect Control. 2015; Feb 2;10: Doc03. doi: 10.3205/dgkh000246. collection 2015.
7. Jamalludeen NM. Efficacy of tap water or tap water and soap on Hand washing to remove hands contaminated bacteria. IJSER. 2017; Volume 8, Issue 7.
8. Soto RG., Chu LF., Goldman JM., Rampil IJ., and Ruskin KJ. Communication in critical care environments: Mobile telephones improve patient care. Anesth Analg. 2006; 102:535–41.
9. Patricia T. Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology, 13th Edition, 2013. London: Elsevier Health Sciences.
10. Roth R., and Jenner W. Microbial ecology of the skin. Annu Rev Microbial. 1998; 42:441–64.
11. Debnath T., Bhowmik S., Islam T., Mehadi M., and Chowdhury H. Presence of Multidrug‑Resistant Bacteria on Mobile Phones of Healthcare Workers Accelerates the Spread of Nosocomial Infection and Regarded as a Threat to Public Health in Bangladesh. Journal of Microscopy and Ultrastructure. 2018; Volume 6, Issue 3, July-September 2018.
12. Morubagal RR., Shivappa SG., Mahale RP., and Neelambike SM. Study of bacterial flora associated with mobile phones of healthcare workers and non-healthcare workers.  IRAN. J. MICROBIOL. 2017; Volume 9 Number 3 (June 2017) 143-151.
13. Neha S., Aruna S., Parihar RS., Khatri PK., Arvind C., and Archana B. Prevalence and antibiotic pattern of microbes isolated from mobile phones of health care workers and non- health care workers. Int Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2014; 3: 43-60.
14. Girma MM., Ketema A., Gemeda A. Bacterial contamination of mobile phones of healthcare workers at Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Jimma, South West Ethiopia. Int J Infect Control. 2014; 11(1): 1-8.
15. Harish RT., Kairavi JD., Lopa PT., Saklainhaider SM., Tanuja BJ. Role of mobile phone in spreading hospital acquired infection: A Study in different group of health care workers. Natl J Integr Res Med. 2011; 2:61-66.
16. Jaya Madhuri R., Saraswathi M., Mahitha G., Bhargavi M., Deepika S., Vijaya Lakshmi G. Bacterial contamination of mobile phones and computers in microbiological laboratories. European J Biotechnol Biosci. 2015; 3: 51-55.
17. Holmes JW. and Williams MD. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus screening and eradication in the surgical intensive care unit: Is it worth it? Am J Surg 2010; 200:827-831.
18. Khivsara A., Sushma TV., Dhanashree B. Typing of Staphylococcus aureus from mobile phones and clinical samples. Current Science 2006; 90: 910-912.
19. Al-Abdalall AHA. Isolation and identification of microbes associated with mobile phones in Dammam in eastern Saudi Arabia. J Family Community Med. 2010; 17(1): 11-14.
20. Bone R. Gram negative sepsis: A dilemma of modern medicine. Clin Microbial Rev. 1993; 16:379–414.
21. Jay MJ. (2000). Modern Food Microbiology. 2000. 6th ed. Berkhire: Van Nostrand Reinhold Pub. Co.
22. Chapartegui-Gonza´lez I., La´zaro-Dؤ±´ez M., Bravo Z., Navas J., Icardo JM., Ramos-Vivas J. Acinetobacter baumannii maintains its virulence after long-time starvation. PLoS ONE. 2018; 13 (8): e0201961. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0201961 E.
23. Ryan CS., and Kleinberg I. Bacteria in human mouths involved in the production and utilization of hydrogen peroxide. Arch Oral Biol. 1995; 40:753–763.
24. Novak DJ., Bashir K., Baltaro RJ., Cavalieri SJ. Neisseria sicca/Subflava: Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis. LABMEDICINE. 2007; Volume 38, Number 6, June 2007.
25. Rutala WA. APIC guideline for selection and use of disinfectants. 1994, 1995 and 1996 APIC Guidelines Committee. Association for professionals in infection control and epidemiology. Am J Infect Control. 1996; 24:313–42.
26. Neely AN., and Sittig DF. Basic microbiologic and infection control information to reduce the potential transmission of pathogens to patients via computer hardware. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2002; 9:500–8.
27. Neely AN, Maley MP. (2001). Dealing with contaminated computer keyboards and microbial survival. Am J Infect Control. 2001; 29:131–2.