Study the effect of cloned pET-32a(+) plasmid by Lysostaphin gene against Staphylococcus aureus

1. Our study aim expressed gene of lysostaphin by pET-32a(+) plasmid.
2. Than using the lysostaphin protein expressed as bactericidal of S. aureus.
3. The study limited the molecular weight of the Lysostaphin gene is 750 bp.
4. Succeeded pET-32a(+) plasmid to expressed lysostaphin as well as lysostaphin protein in high quality and quantity.
5. High accuracy of His tag technique in protein extraction and purification.

Study the effect of cloned pET-32a(+) plasmid by Lysostaphin gene against Staphylococcus aureus

J.Y. Mustafa¹

¹Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basra, Basra, Iraq

[email protected]

2020-02-21

2020-04-06

Abstract

Lysostaphin is a protein zinc metalloproteinase, extracted from Staphylococcus simulans, which disrupting peptide layer of S. aureus. In this study, Lysostaphin gene was detected in the S. simulans isolates. The molecular weight of the Lysostaphin gene is 750 bp. We were used the pET-32a(+) plasmid to cloning lysostaphin gene which transformed to competent rubidium chloride E. coli DH5α for producing the lysostaphin protein. The lysostaphin protein from this gene which isolated from S. simulans, then used the expression of used to killed S. aureus, which has the thick layer of wall that is the very difficult bacteria response to treatment. The result was reported succeeded pET-32a (+) plasmid to expressed lysostaphin gene and gave lysostaphin protein with high quality and quantity. As well as the result was appeared the high accuracy of his tag method in protein extraction and purification, and the quality and quantity more than other studies.

Keywords: Effect of cloned pET-32a(+). Lysostaphin gene.

10.33899/ijvs.2020.126698.1362

دراسة تأثیر کلونة بلازمید pET-32a(+) بجین اللایسوستافین ضد بکتریا المکورات العنقودیة الذهبیة

جلال یاسین مصطفى¹

¹فرع الصحة العامة البیطریة، کلیة الطب البیطری، جامعة البصرة، البصرة، العراق

الخلاصة

اللایسوستافین هو بروتین من الخارصین الفلزی، ینتج من قبل بکتیریا المکورات العنقودیة نوع سمیلنس، یعمل على تحطیم الجدار الببتیدی لبکتریا المکورات العنقودیة الذهبیة. فی هذه الدراسة تم عزل جین اللایسوستافین من المکورات العنقودیة نوع سمیلنس، وکان حجم الجین ما یقارب 750 قاعدة نیتروجینیة. استخدمنا بلازمید pET-32a(+) لکلونة جین اللایسوستافین الى بکتریا الایشیریشیا القولونیة المستقبلة نوع (DH5α) وذلک لإنتاج بروتین اللایسوستافین من هذا الجین المکلون والمعزول من المکورات العنقودیة نوع سمیلنس الذی استخدم تعبیره الجینی فی ما بعد کمضاد لقتل بکتریا المکورات العنقودیة الذهبیة أحد اصعب انواع البکتریا بالعلاج لسمک جدارها الخارجی. أظهرت النتائج نجاح بلازمید pET32a-lys للتعبیر عن جین اللایسوستافین وإنتاج بروتین اللایسوستافین وبکفائه عالیة، کما أظهرت النتائج دقة تقنیة الاستخلاص والتنقیة باستخدام عمود الهستدین المتعدد، وکون کمیة البروتین وکفاءته اعلى من دراسات سابقة على بلازمیدات اخرى.

Introduction

Bacteriocins are bacterial proteinaceous compounds, which have the activity of bactericidal against other bacterial spp., the bacteriocins have been proteolytic degradation (1). This bacterial proteinaceous compounds produced by gram positive bacteria. The bacterial proteinaceous can be divided into four classes, classes I and II bacteriocins are the most studied and have better clarified mode of action, since they possess prospect industrial and clinical applications (2). Treatment of staphylococcal infections has become difficult increasingly due to resistant strains colonization to some of the antibiotics (3). Staphylococci can be eliminated by lysostaphin from skin and nares of individuals increased risk infections S. aureus (4). It is binds to S. aureus and pentaglycine cross bridges cleaves within peptidoglycan, the cell wall envelope removing and osmotic rupture precipitating of staphylococci (5). Lysostaphin primarily active against coagulase positive S. aureus but some activity residual against coagulase negative S. aureus, it is requiring increased enzyme concentration and longer times incubation to be killed (6). Lysostaphin gene from the S. simulans isolates contain 1.5 kbp fragment of DNA (7). This gene was localized with in a Hpa II / Hind III fragment. The gene coding for preproenzyme which consist of three regions distinct: signal peptide at the end of amino-terminal, a series of tandem repeats and the active lysostaphin gene (7,8). Promoter of the gene have (--35) and (--10) at nucleotides regions (89-95) and (110-119), respectively (7).

There are a number of the reports of the lysostaphin expression promoter dopeptidase. In many study, the r-lysostaphin produced from different pET vectors (9). One of the selective binding of the protein expressed is the His tags facilitate, it is affinity- nickel column. His tag sequences may be removed by protease optionally, another purification step requiring the tags which are no effect on the protein structure and function (10). Polyhistidines add by two ways. The first way by add repetitive histidine codons (CAT or CAC) to the PCR primers, as well as add start or stop codon. The second technique by add a encoding His-tag sequences protein to the vector (11).

The aim of this study to expressed lysostaphin gene by pET-32a(+) plasmid and using the lysostaphin protein as bactericidal of S. aureus.

Materials and methods

Isolated genomic DNA from S. simulans according to Sambrook and Russel (12) with modification. This DNA used as a template for the amplification. The annealing temperature used in the PCR program was 53°C. The primer used in this study were Lys F1: (5’ gct gca aca cat gaa cat tca 3’). Lys R1: (5’ ctt tat agt tcc cca aag aac 3’). The total volume of PCR reaction was 50ml (5ml 10X buffer, 8ml 1.25 mM of dNTPs, 2ml forward primer, 2ml reverse primer, 0.5ml Pfx, 5ml enhancer, 0.5ml DNA template, 1ml MgSO4, and 26ml ddH₂O. The program of PCR technique consist of several stages: the first initial denaturation PCR program, 6min at 95°C. followed by 35 cycles 95°C for 45sec, 58°C for 45sec, then 72°C for 45sec. The last stage as 72°C for 6min, and then down to 4°C for 30min.

Then used primers have two restricted enzymes by add two restricted sits (Kpn I and EcoR I), one of them to the forward primer (Kpn I), the restrict sit for this enzyme (ggt acc) as well as start codon (atg), and the second one to the reverse primer (EcoR I), the restrict sit for this enzyme (gaa ttc) as well as stop codon (tca), and finally we are add codon of six histidine to the reverse primer in order to extract and purify the lysostaphin protein from cloning bacteria which have His tag sequences, the codon of one histidine (atg) add to revers primer, know, the last primers with two restricted sits (Kpn I and EcoR I) with start and stop codons and codon of six histidine are: Lys F2: 5’ GGT ACC ATG GCT GCA ACA CAT GAA CAT TCA 3’. Lys R2: 5’GAA TTC TCA ATG ATG ATG ATG ATG ATG CTT TAT AGT TCC CCA AAG AAC 3’.

Table (1) show the run of pET-32a(+) plasmid in the gel after cut by two restrict enzymes (Kpn I and EcoR I), then isolated and purified by gel extraction kit from the gel.

The PCR products from first PCR by Lys F1 and Lys R1 used as a template for sub PCR by using Lys F2 and Lys R2. The PCR product was run to electrophoresis, then the DNA from the gel was isolated and purified by the kit of DNA extraction. The extracted gene was cut by two restricted enzymes (Kpn I and EcoR I) as represented in the table (2), then the cut away gene cleaned from the few bp posts cut by these enzymes.

Clones were done to study the effect of pET-32a(+) plasmid, the cloning done between plasmid and pET-32a(+) cuts by EcoR I and Kpn I enzymes. Then ligated gene of lysostaphin digested by enzymes with pET-32a(+) digest by the same enzyme as described above, then transformed to rubidium chloride E. coli DH5α.

Colonies were replica-plated onto fresh (LB) Luria - Bertani solid medium, which containing 100µg/ml ampicillin, then incubated overnight at 37°C, then transformants bacteria confirmed by PCR, to detect successful cloning by colony PCR. This quick protocol which designed to screening the plasmids insert to the E. coli DH5α and this plasmid has the insert. which is called (constructive plasmid).

Table 1: Digestion of pET-32a(+) by Kpn I and EcoR I enzymes

Table 2: Digestion of gene of lysostaphin by EcoR I and Kpn I enzymes

Determine the activity of cloning E. coli by lysostaphin gene to inhibit S. aureus by performed a standard disk diffusion assay. Prepare S. aureus and E. coli by culturing in the broth of nutrient to phase of exponential (OD₆₂₀ 0.1). Then inoculated S. aureus were in the Muller - Hinton Agar (MHA), as well as prepared and placed in discs from E. coli in the plates centre. Overnight, under aerobic condition, incubated at 37°C, determined the inhibition zones of culture.

Post determined the activity against S. aureus by cloning bacteria, we are extract and purify by His-tag method lysostaphin protein from cloning bacteria. This processing done by used the FF crude columns of HisTrap (Sweden), then determined the concentration of protein by Bio-Rad Protein Assay. By SDS-PAGE analysis, limited the purity of protein (13).

Results

The result of this study in the figure 1 showed the result of electrophoresis of the total genomic DNA of S. simulans. In addition, the figure 2 showed the gel electrophoresis of pET-32a(+) plasmid and lysostaphin gene, this figure showed digested plasmid by Kpn I and EcoR I enzymes and digested gene of lysostaphin by same enzymes, which appeared the band of the gene about 750 bp. While figure 3 showing the product of lysostaphin gene from PCR cloned by pET-32a(+) plasmid by colony PCR, this figure showing band about 750 bp.

Figure 1: Electrophoresis of total genomic DNA of S. simulans, lane 1 is the ladder, lanes 2,3,4 are the total genomic DNA.

Figure 2: Gel electrophoresis of pET-32a(+) plasmid and lysostaphin gene, lane 1 is the ladder, lanes 2,3 digested plasmid by Kpn I and EcoR I enzymes and lanes 4,5 gene of lysostaphin digested by Kpn I and EcoR I enzymes.

Figure 3: PCR product of lysostaphin gene from cloned bacteria by colony PCR, lane 1 is the ladder, lanes 2,3,4,5 are gene of lysostaphin from pET-32a(+) plasmid, lanes 7,8 are lysostaphin gene amplified by first detection about 750 bp, lane 6 is negative control.

The antibacterial activity of transformed E. coli have pET-32a(+) plasmid with gene of lysostaphin insert against S. aureus (Figure 4A), while figure 4B showed the effect of E. coli non-transformed by gene of lysostaphin against S. aureus. Table 3 showed the protein of lysostaphin concentration from cloned bacteria with pET-32a(+) plasmid after extraction by column of His-tag, also showing in this table first lysostaphin protein concentration 1.113 more than the third concentration of BSA 0.893 and less than second concentration of it 1.773. SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins showed in figure 5 with standard techniques, this figure showed only one protein band, this figure recoded lysostaphin molecular weight about 27,000 Dalton.

Figure 4: A. Effect of antibacterial activity of transformed E. coli by pET-32a(+) plasmid have lysostaphin gene against S. aureus, B. Effect of activity of antibacterial against S. aureus by non-transformed E. coli.

Table 3: Lysostaphin protein concentration at the absorbance 595 nm

Figure 5: Lysostaphin protein in SDS-PAGE analysis, lane 1 is the marker, lanes 2,3 are lysostaphin protein extracted from cloning pET-32a(+) plasmid with first concentration, lines 4,5 second concentration, lines 6,7 the third concentration, and line 8 is negative control

Discussion

Mastitis is one of the most importanteconomic disease of dairy cattle, the effects of this disease come from resistance to treatmentand costs losses (14). It is regarded as the first common disease, which causes losses of antibiotics by treatment in dairy cattle and responsible for antibiotics increasing resistance (15).

Mastitis treatment is very restricted and as a cause disease propagation, S. aureus is regarded a main cause of mastitis in the ruminants (16,17). One of the studies for detection of capsulated S. aureus strains from bovine and buffaloes mastitis is Shamoon (18). S. aureus appears as a one of the twelve most health-threatening pathogens in the resistant bacterial list compiled by WHO which promotes new antibiotics development (19,20). Staphylococcal species and especially Staphylococcus aureus have developed resistance multidrug lead to serious risks of health then treatments complex, by using the novel and effective strategies development to kill these bacteria (21). To the present study gave a new strategy to treat this bacterial problem of S. aureus.

The result of the current study showed the size of gene of lysostaphin was 750 bp which accepted by 7,22,23. The antibacterial activity of transformed E. coli have pET-32a(+), which showed the effect against S. aureus by E. coli non-transformed, this result agreement with the previously studies (11,23), which recorded of effectiveness against S. aureus by transformed E. coli have lysostaphin active gene 750 bp.

SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins recoded the molecular weight of lysostaphin protein about 27,000 Dalton, this result matching by Mustafa; Trayer and Buckley (11,24).

The result of the present study showed that limited increasing in concentration of lysostaphin protein when used pET-32a(+) plasmid compared with other study (25), which recorded less then concentration of lysostaphin protein with other plasmid, this study recorded lysostaphin concentration from pTrc99a plasmid 1.012mg/ml which less than our study 1.113 mg/ml, as well as 0.622 mg/ml concentration by used pBAD30 plasmid.

In many study, the r-lysostaphin were produced from different pET vectors, pET28a is one of them which yield 22 mg, the other one is pET 23b which yield 20 mg, and pET15b, yield 11 mg of protein purified from one later of E. coli (9,26,27). Our study gave successful of expressed lysostaphin gene by pET32a vector in E. coli, this protein production are mature r-lysostaphin because the activity against S. aureus and it is a large quantity of r-lysostaphin, this match and alignment with our data (9). It is found many different systems for expression have been developed, but the proteins recombinant production in E. coli remains the most one used (28).

The activity of lysostaphin protein against S. aureus is because capability to lysis peptidoglycan of cell walls bacteria (24,29). The site of action of lysostaphin protein is the cross-bridge pentaglycine of the peptidoglycan (30). Staphylococcal species in general and S. aureus is one of them composed of five glycine (Gly) residues (31). One of the antistaphylococcal agents is the lysostaphin, which is unique among in bacterial kills, it is have ability to killing a large number of organisms in the Staphylococcus genus because of the glycine-glycine bonds existence (32,33). Lysostaphin enzyme consists of two domains, those are: N- catalytic terminal domain and a cell wall binding domain (34).

Lysostaphin protein is a bacteriolytic metalloprotease secreted from S. simulans biovar staphylolyticus. It is function is degrading the staphylococci cell wall of multiple species by pentaglycine crosslinks hydrolysis within peptidoglycan (35).

Conclusion

We are conclude from succeeded pET-32a(+) plasmid to expressed lysostaphin gene and expressed protein lysostaphin in high quality and quantity. As well as conclude from our result, high accuracy of His tag technique in protein extraction and purification.

Aknowledgement

We are Aknowledge the University of Basra, College of Veterinary Medicine, Public Health department for gave us all the facilities in the Public Health Lab.

Conflict of Interest

Authors declares that they have no conflict of interest regarding publishing this review article.