Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
1
STUDY OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENTS OF ULCERATED SKIN
LESIONS OF CARP FISH PONDS AT SULAIMANI PROVINCE
Omed Idress Abid * , Alaa Hussain Al-Hamdani **
* Sulaimani veterinary hospital , Basne Department, Sulaimani
Department of pathology and poultry diseases, College of Veterinary
Medicine,University of Mosul.Mosul,Iraq
Key words: skin ulceration , bacterial infection ,protozoan parasite .
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to detect the causative agents of skin ulceration in
ponds carp fish in Sulaimani province. Samples were taken from 5ponds of common
carp fish (Cyprinus Carpio L.) from different regions in Sulaimani province have
ulcerated skin lesion .These pounds are available in Kfry, Kanarwe, Chwarta and 2
ponds in Dukan.
The results of the study revealed that the main causative agent of the skin
ulceration was a bacterial infection and the main bacterial species were 9 species that
were isolated from skin lesion, which were the following bacteria (Pseudomonas spp,
Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter amalonaticus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Yarsina
krestensia, Serratia odorifera, Escherichia coli, Proteus volgaris and Edwardsiella
tarda).
The high isolated bacterial prevalence in this study were Pseudomonas sps and
Citrobacter freundii (19.35%) which have been isolated from 2 ponds. The rate of
isolated Edwardsiella tarda was (12.89 %),while the rate of Proteus volgaris Proteus
volgaris, E.coli and Yarsina Kerstenia were isolated separately with the same ratio
9.66 % .Citrobacter amalonaticus, Enterobacter aerogenes and Serratia odorifera
were isolated with the same ratio 6.44% from the skin lesion.
There was only one complicated case (bacterial infection with parasite) the
parasite was protozoan (Chilodonella cyprinii).
INTRODUCTION
Production of fish, gradually developed in the world as well as in Iraq, the
history of fish farming in Iraq can be traced back to the mid of last century (1), while
in Kurdistan region, the culture industry developed only during the last twenty years
or so (2), as recently as 2004, two million fingerlings of common carp (Cyprinus
carpio L.) were distributed by FAO to the Dukan hatchery to enhance production, and
now spread to many farms in the region (3).
The main types of fish available in the fish farms of Iraq are common carp
(Cyprinus carpio L.), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and grass carp
(Ctenopharyngodon idella), with a special fish farm which includes local fish species
such as Barbus sharpeyi, Barbus xanthopterus, and Barbus grypus (4).
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
2
Fish diseases are one of the major problems in a fish farm (5), fish farms are
affected by many pathogenic microorganisms including bacteria, virus, parasite and
protozoa (6) and these farms could also be affected by noninfectious diseases (4).
Skin disorders in fish are especially harmful and any surface injury to the skin makes
fluid balance more difficult and may lead to circulatory malfunction, so the skin
layers are extremely important protective barriers for fish, and the mucus allows fish
to slip through the water more easily, so less energy is used while swimming, also
there are several protective compounds in the mucus that protect the fish from
bacteria and other organisms in the water (7).
Skin ulceration in fish can has many different etiologies, including infectious
agents, toxins, physical causes, immunologic causes, nutritional and metabolic
disturbances (8).
Fish exactly swim in a sea of pathogens. Thus, any gap in the normal barrier function
of the skin can allow colonization of the skin by infectious organisms, or invasion by
microorganisms that normally colonize the skin, differential diagnoses for skin lesions
in fish should include fungi, virus, bacteria, and parasitic organism (8) .
So the aim of this study was isolation and diagnosis of the infectious agents of
ulcerative skin disease of the carp fish at Sulaimani pounds.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
1. Collection of Samples and Preparation
A collection of different cases of pond carp fish that have ulcerated skin lesions
from different regions of Sulaimani province has been recorded. Total fish were
collected from ponds during the period from beginning on October 1, 2014, till
ending on May 30, 2015. Fish specimens were collected by nets that were used to
capture these fish. Then each fish was rinsed with de-ionized water and the surface
of the fish was decontaminated by dipping it in 70% ethyl alcohol.
2. Using some of the different isolated media, biochemical tests, laboratory chemical
and stain reagents shown in (table.1)
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
3
Table (1) The table shows some of the different isolated media, biochemical tests,
laboratory chemical and stain reagents
No. Items Note
1 Nutrient Broth LAB M. LAB014
2 Nutrient Agar LAB M. LAB008
3 MacConkey Agar LAB M. LAB045
4 Blood Agar Base LAB M. LAB015
5 Kliglar Iron Agar LAB M. LAB059
6 Urea test LAB M. LAB037
7 Simmons Citrate Agar Accumix™ . BCM
3- Use of the Rapid Biochemical kits test (Remel one system) for bacterial
diagnosis, which contains 20 rapid biochemical tests as shown in table ( 2).
Table (2). Remel one system contains 20 rapid biochemical tests
Remel rapid ™ one report form
Refrence #, NO.
Date.
Rapid
spot
Indol
Rapid one non
reagent
reagent NON
Brow
n,
black,
purple
Yellow
Or
very
light
orange
Violet,
Purple,
Red, dark
pink
Bright Yellow red
purple
or
blue
Red
Or
Viol
et
Positive
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
4
Tech. Source
Identification
Microcode /
REMEL Inc 800-255-6730 printed in USA 04/1
Methods of this study
1. Gross Examination
The fish have been examined clinically according to the methods described
by (7). It has been done immediately at the fish pond, and the skin lesions were
carefully described.
2. Parasitic Investigation
Each fish had been observed by the naked eye for presence parasite
(crustaceans), and then a thin mucus membrane scraping had been taken from the
lesions and preserved in one ml of 70% methyl alcohol, till the laboratory
examination for diagnoses of skin protozoa, according to the methods described by
(9).
3. Bacteriological Examination
1 17 18 18
6
1
5
1 13 14
2
1
1
Cavity# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
,no
O
X
L
PY ADON IND
R
G
G
T
P
R
O
MA
L
N
A
G
B
X
Y
L
B
G
L
U
ON
PG
G
U
R
S
B
L
K
F
S
L
I
P
T
E
T
L
D
C
O
D
C
A
D
H
Test URE
code
Value 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2 4 1 2
result
Value
total
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
5
Swabs and a small piece of the ulcerated lesion, liver and kidney of infected fish
have been taken. The samples were preserved immediately and disinfected in
nutrient broth , after that have been preserved in a cool box till brought to the
laboratory for bacterial isolation, and incubated at 25°C for 24hr, According to the
methods described by (10).
Parameter of this studies:
1-Parasitic examination
The fish were freshly examined by the naked eye for presence parasite
(crustaceans), and then a thin mucus membrane scraping had been taken from the
lesions and preserved in one ml of 70% of methyl alcohol till the laboratory
examined under a light compound microscope at 40-100x magnification, for detect
the presence of skin protozoa. Parasite identification was achieved by consulting
some concerned taxonomical accounts.
2-Bacterial isolation and identification
1- A loop full from each broth tube was streaked onto the following media:
(Nutrient agar) for growth and characterized of bacterial colonies, (MacConkey's
agar) selective media to the gram negative bacteria and (blood agar) for more
purification of bacterial colonies that have different ability to hemolysis. Purified
isolates were used as stocks for further morphological and biochemical
identifications Morphological characterization of bacteria
Bacterial film was prepared from each suspected purified isolate and stained with
Gram's stain (11) then examined under the bright field microscope with the oil
immersion lens.
Biochemical characterization traditional methods
The separate colonies were subjected to biochemical identification by the
following tests: triple sugar iron agar, urea utilization, and Simmon`s citrate agar,
according to the biochemical identification keys of Practical Medical Microbiology
(12).
2- Rapid biochemical kits test (Remel one system)
Biochemical profiling test was performed according to manufacturer's
instructions. Finally isolates were stabbed into tubes containing semi-solid nutrient
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
6
agar medium and then incubated at 37°C for 18- 24 hrs. This test contains 20
biochemical tests as the following table (2).
RESULTS
Table (5)Shows different cases of ulcerated skin lesions with the infectious agents,
and description of the lesions from different regions of Sulaimani province
The fish from Kfry pond were infected by bacteria, the external lesion of the
infected fish have huge number of hemorrhagic spots on the fish’s body, sloughing off
the scales and a large detachment of the skin in the peduncle regions and small round
ulcer on the body of the fish were present.
Kanarwe pond fish infected by bacteria that caused small hemorrhage of the skin of
the mouth, erosion of operculum, cloudy eye, and exophthalmia.
Also, there were two cases of skin ulceration of fish from Dukan region at a
different months. Both of them were in an earthen pond and the cause of infection was
the bacterial infection ,they were characterized by a large ulcer in the peduncle region
which were characterized by whitish lesion . Fish in the second pond of Dukan
region infected at spring. The lesions which were present are hemorrhagic spots on
the skin of the mouth, erosion of the operculum and pectoral and caudal fins, bilateral
exophthalmia, skin ulceration at a different site of the body, especially in the dorsal
part of body with whitish edges and loss of scales of infected fish.
Chwarta pond fish had a complicated case, protozoa and bacteria were present
together ,the infected fish, the fish were infected with protozoa, chilodonela cyprinidi.
This parasite caused secondary bacterial infection (Edwardsiella tarda) to the fishes.
Infected fish were characterized by whitish, bluish in body tattered appearance to the
skin, hemorrhage, loss of scales and small round ulceration of the skin of the fish’s
body, with present injury of the gill.
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
7
Table (4) Shows different cases of ulcerated skin lesions with the infectious agents,
and description of the lesions from different regions of Sulaimani province
Gross Examination
During this study, infected common carp fish in ponds were generally calm
(quiet), and floating on the surface of the water, they also had lethargy, loss of
appetite, weight loss and they didn't respond to external stimuli. Also, presence of
Locatio
n
Infectio
us
agents
Description of the lesions
Kfry Bacteria patches of hemorrhage on the fish’s body, sloughing off the scales. A
large detachment on the skin in the peduncle region, and small round
ulcer on the body of the fish
Kanarw
e
Bacteria Hemorrhage of the skin of mouth, erosion of operculum,
cloudy eye and exophthalmia
Dukan
1
Bacteria The large red ulcer in the peduncle region, which characterized by
whitish edges, also present bleeding in the lesion.
Chwart
a
Complic
ated
cases:
Parasite
&
bacteria
Were whitish, bluish in body tattered appearance to skin, hemorrhage,
drop off the scales and small round ulceration of the body, with injury
of the gill
Dukan
2
Bacteria Hemorrhage of the skin of mouth, erosion of operculum and pectoral
and caudal fins, bilateral exophthalmia.
Skin ulceration at a different site of the body, especially in the dorsal
part which characterized by whitish edges
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
8
superficial skin hemorrhage, sloughing off the scales and a large detachment of the
skin on the fish's body. The gross lesion of fish that are shows in table (5) were in
Kfry’s pond, patches of hemorrhage on the different site of fish’s body, sloughing off
the scales (Figure 1) and a detachment of the large skin piece in the peduncle region.
(Figure 2).
Figure 1 (Case of Kfry): The gross lesions show that there were patches of
hemorrhage on the trunk of the fish’s body and behind the operculum (black arrow)
with sloughing off the scales (red arrow).
Figure 2 (case of Kfry ): A large detachment of the skin in the peduncle region (red
arrow) and small round ulcer on the body of the fish(black arrow).
The gross lesions which have been seen on the fish in Kanarwe pond were
hemorrhage on the skin of the mouth, erosion on the operculum and, skin ulceration,
loss of scales, exophthalmia (Figure. 3).
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
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Figure. 3 (case of Kanarwe ): Hemorrhage on the skin of the mouth (black
arrow), erosion on the operculum (red arrow), and exophthalmia (yellow arrow).
The gross lesion in the first case of Dukan pond 1 where large skin ulceration in
the peduncle region, which were characterized by whitish edges, also present of
bleeding in the lesion (Figure 4) with swelling of the abdomen, inflamed vent with
darkly pigmented.
Figure 4 (case of Dukan pond1 ): A large red ulcer in the peduncle region (red
arrow) which were characterized by whitish edges (yellow arrow ), also present of
bleeding in the lesion (black arrow).
The gross lesion of the second case of (Dukan pond 2) was an erosion of the
pectoral and caudal fins that affected the vital activities: hemorrhage on the skin of the
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
10
mouth, erosion on the operculum, bilateralexophthalmia with skin ulceration at a
different site of the body and loss of scales (Figure. 5).
Figure. 5 (case of Dukan pond 2 ): Erosion of operculum, pectoral and caudal
fins (red arrow), bilateral exophthalmia (brown arrow), skin ulceration at different site
of the body (black arrow).
There were typical lesion of protozoan ectoparasite (Chilodonella ciprinii) in the
infected fish in Chwarta pond which were whitish,
Bluish in body tattered appearance of skin (Figure 6 ).
Figure. 6 ( case of Chwarta ): Hemorrhage with loss of the scales (red arrow) and
discoloration of the body
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
11
Figure 4.: Chilodonella cyprini showed as heart-shaped ciliated parasite (red arrow),
under light microscopical examination 40X .
Bacteriological Examination
This study detects that the main causative agents of skin ulceration in fish are
bacteria which was identified as (Pseudomonas spp, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter
amalonaticus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia odorifera, Escherichia coli, Proteus
volgaris, Edwardsiella tarda.
A pure culture of isolated bacteria was successfully done from skin, of naturally
infected common carp fish. All bacterial growth were gram negative and motile.
The biochemical patterns of representative of the recovered isolate are summarized
in Table( 6) the isolated bacteria from skin, of naturally diseased (Cyprinus carpio L)
were Pseudomonas spp (5500410), Citrobacter freundii (0031430), Citrobacter
amalonaticus ( 4235131), Enterobacter aerogenes (0337330 ), Serratia odorifera
(413143), Yarsina krestensia (0020501), Escherichia coli (4161002), Proteus volgaris
(0602001) and Edwardsiella tarda (0602001). All of them are under the Family of
Enterobacteriaceae-Facultatively Anaerobic Gram-Negative Rods. According to the
data shown in table 8, the origin of gram negative bacterial isolates tested were:
Pseudomonas spp was isolated from 2 ponds (Kfry and Dukan1) in different site of
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
12
the fish samples: skin lesion, from Kfry’s pond, also Pseudomonas spp was isolated
from Dukan pond 1 from 3 sites of infected fish: skin lesion,. The species of Proteus
vagaries were isolated from 2 ponds Kfry and Kanarwe, Proteus volgaris was
isolated only from skin lesion in Kfry pond and from skin lesion and in Kanarwe’s
pond.
Citrobacter freundii had isolated from skin lesion, , from samples of both ponds
Kfry and Dukan pond 2 Whereas the species Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from
two pond Chwarta and Dukan pond 2, in Dukan pond 2 from fish skin, also in
Chwarta pond .Yarsina krestensia have been isolated from skin, samples from
Kanarwe pond. Also species Serratia odorifera were isolated from skin.
Table (5) shows bacterial isolates from skin of fish from different locations
locati
on
orga
ns
Bacteria Tot
al
Kfry Skin Pseudomo
nas
spp
Citroba
cter
freundii
Proteu
s
volgar
is
3
Duka
n 1
Skin Pseudomo
nas
spp
Serrasi
a
odenifer
a
E.c
oli
3
Kana
rwe
Skin E.c
oli
Proteu
s
volgar
is
Yarsina
krestensi
a
3
Chwa
rta
Skin Edwar
d.
tarda 1
Duka
n 2
Skin Citroba
cter
freundii
Enteroba
ctor
aerogeno
sa
Citrobact
er
amalonat
icus
Edwar
d.
tarda
4
15 2 2 1
2 2 2
1
2
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
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Table( 7 ) shows the number and percentage of the bacteria isolates from the skin
lesions of fish at different region of Sulaimani province. Totally 9 species of bacteria
were isolated from skin ulceration lesion. The pseudomonas sps 19.35% and
Citrobacter freundii 19.35% has been a high bacterial prevalence of this study, each
of them was isolated from 2 ponds, which had skin ulceration, also the ratio of the
isolation of pseudomonas sps and Citrobacter freundii were present in the same
percentage from of the infected fish. After that frequently rate of isolated
Edwardsiella tarda was 12.89 % . Proteus volgaris, E.coli and Yarsina Kerstenia
were isolated separately with the same ratio 9.66 %
Citrobacter amalonaticus, Enterobacter aerogenes and Serratia odorifera were
isolated with the same ratio 6.44% from only one pond.
Table (7) Shows number and percentage of bacterial isolates from different region of
Sulaimani province
Name of isolated bacteria
Number & Percentages of isolated bacteria.
Pseudomonas spp (6)
19.35%
Citrobacter freundii (6)
19.35%
Edwardsiella tarda (4)
12.89%
Proteus volgaris (3)
9.67%
E.coli (3)
9.67%
Yarsina krestensia (3)
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
14
DISCUSSION
Fish are in constant interaction with a wide range of pathogenic and non
pathogenic microorganisms, in the aquatic environment (13), so fish suffer from
various types of diseases and pathogens play an important role in affecting fish health,
if the pathogenic load increases, it leads to disease (14). Fish are susceptible to a wide
variety of bacterial pathogens causing large mortality in the aquaculture (15).
Enterobacteriaceae is a common water-borne bacterium that may be present in the
tissues of apparently normal fish (16) whenever fish are revealed to environmental
stress, or injury, it causes serious outbreaks of disease with mortalities (17).
However, a major biological interface between a fish and its aqueous environment is
the epidermis because its overlying mucous layer forms over the fish and playing a
great role in protecting against injury, friction reduction and ion regulation (18, 19).
The epidermis has a number of chemical defenses and mucous, such as complement,
natural antibiotics, immunoglobulin, lysozyme and agglutinins, may support in the
protection (20), and the continuous shedding of mucous may avoid microbial
colonization.
However, exposure to environmental stressors may affect the epidermis and
intervene with its protective role (21). Abnormal structure of both the epidermis and
dermis led to an impairment of its functional activity as well as partially decrease the
9.67%
Serrasia odenifera (2 )
6.44%
Citrobacter amalonaticus (2 )
6.44%
Enterobacter aerogenes (2 )
6.44%
( 31)
99.9%
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
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respiration activity of the integument that is the main source of transported oxygen to
the internal organs (15).
(22) state that a common fish disease is an epizootic ulcerative symptom characterized
by the presence of severe, open dermal ulcers on the head, on the mid of the body, and
on the dorsal regions of the fish. Ulcerative syndrome disease is still unknown;
however, organisms belonging to the potentially fish-pathogenic genera
Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Aeromonas and Plesiomonas were often isolated from the
lesions (23).
In this study, at the level of macroscopic and microscopic examinations, only one
parasite was observed, which was one species of protozoa (Chilodonella ciprini) as
shown in (Fig 15 and 16), and has been isolated from the skin of diseased common
carp fish from Chwarta pond and diseased fish had skin ulceration in different
location of body surface, especially at the dorsal part as shown in (Fig 6), gill lesion,
swelling of the abdomen, abnormal swimming behavior, including spiral movement
and floating near the water surface, this agreed with (7) who detected that advanced
chilodonella infestation are sometimes associated with skin ulcers, which may have
tattered appearance.
If the ciliated parasites such as Chilodonella ciprinii are present in large
numbers, their feeding activity on the surface of the fish can compromise the integrity
of the tissues, this often results in osmotic stress and secondary bacterial infection
(24). This is identical agrees with our result, because infestations of Chilodonella
ciprinii caused secondary bacterial infection (Edwardsiella tarda), the same time
during this study.
The result of this study indicates isolation of the many species of gramnegative
bacteria from the infected fish are most frequently species of bacteria that are
evreywhere in the aquatic environment acting as opportunistic pathogens and most of
these bacterial infections of fish are caused by gram negative organisms and include
the genera Citrobacter, Pseudomonas, Edwardsiella, Aeromonas, Flavobacterium,
and Vibrio, which caused skin lesion in different species of fish (25). However, some
species of gram negative and gram positive bacteria present as the bacterial flora of
the digestive tract of healthy young tilapia and carp bred in a polyculture (26).
In this study, several members of family Enterobacteriaceae infected fish and
clinically caused above external lesions. Pseudomonas sps was recovered in this
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
16
study; which is encountered in cases of spottiness of the skin and hemorrhagic
septicemia (27, 28 ( 29). This bacterium have clinically shown hemorrhages, skin
lesions, loosening of scales, and erosions at the bases of the fins and mucous
secretion. Similar symptoms were also reported by (30), also, the other characteristic
symptom of the diseased fish by Pseudomonas bacteria that have seen on diseased
fish during this study were remarkable septicaemic hemorrhage on the skin of the
mouth and ventral side of the body with sloughing off the scale and large skin
ulceration at peduncle region, these results were similar to the ones by (28) who
detect the clinical and post-mortem examination of both naturally and experimentally
infected fishes by pseudomonas spp that showed hemorrhages all over the fish body,
especially at the tail and fins rot, detachment of scales and skin ulceration.
دراسة أسباب افات التقرح الجلدی فی أحواض اسماک الکارب فی محافظة السلیمانیة
*أومید إدریس عبد ، **الآء حسین علی الحمدانی
* المستشفى البیطری فی السلیمانیة ،باسان ،السلیمانیھ
** فرع الأمراض وأمراض الدواجن /کلیة الطب البیطری/جامعة الموصل
الخلاصة
اجریت ھذه الدراسة للکشف عن المسبب للتقرح الجلی فی اسماک الکارب فی أحواض تربیة الأسماک فی
محافظة السلیمانیة .
من مناطق مختلفة فی ( Cyprinus carpio L) أخذت العینات من 5 أحواض تربیة اسماک الکارب الشائع
محافظة السلیمانیة مصابة بآفات تقرحیة على الجلد وکانت ھذه الأحواض موجودة فی کفری وکناروه وجوارتھ
وحوضین فی دوکان.
أظھرت نتائج الدراسة أن المسبب الرئیسی للتقرح الجلدی ھو الإصابة البکتیریة وعزلت 9 أنواع من البکتریا
Pseudomonas spp, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter amalonaticus, Enterobacter وھی
aerogenes, Yarsina krestensia, Serratia odorifera, Escherichia coli, Proteus volgaris
وکذلک Pseudomonas spp وکانت أعلى نسبة انتشار ھی جراثیم and Edwardsiella tarda).
Edwardsiella tarda وبنفس النسبة 19.35 % وکانت نسبة الإصابة بجراثیم Citrobacter freundii
،Proteus volgaris Proteus volgaris, E.coli حیث کانت 12.89 % أما نسبة الإصابة بالأنواع
Citrobacter amalonaticus, حیث کانت 9.66 % وکانت نسبة الإصابة بالأنواع Yarsina Kerstenia
. % 6.44 Enterobacter aerogenes ,Serratia odorifera
(Chilodonella کانت ھناک حالة واحدة الإصابة فیھا مشترکة مع إصابة بطفیلی یعود إلى الاوالی وھو
. cyprinii)
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
17
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