Maritime piracy in the three Maghreb states (Algeria, Tunis and Western Tripoli) against European ships from (1730-1830)

Hamad, Jamal F.; Karim, Khaled J.l

doi:10.37653/juah.2020.171031

	Maritime piracy in the three Maghreb states (Algeria, Tunis and Western Tripoli) against European ships from (1730-1830)
Journal of University of Anbar for Humanities
Article 19, Volume 2020, Issue 4, 2020, Pages 3178-3205 PDF (653.04 K)
DOI: 10.37653/juah.2020.171031
Authors
Jamal F. Hamad; Khaled J.l Karim
Abstract
This research revolves around maritime activity in the three Ottoman provinces against European commercial ships. The research interest focused on the policy of the Ottoman Empire in the field of the development of the activity (maritime jihad) known as maritime piracy, indicating the extent of the impact of piracy on European commercial activity, and after 1730 the three states were Controls the practice of export and import monopolies, including rejecting the presence of European merchants without obtaining a license and accepting the central government in Istanbul
Keywords
The Three States; Maritime Piracy; The Ottoman Empire

References
Al-Taweel, A. S. The Tripolitan Navy during the reign of Yusef Pasha Al-Qaramanli (1795-1832), New Book House, Beirut, 2001. Ageron, Ch. R. History of Contemporary Algeria. Translated by Issa Asfour. Aweidat Publications, Beirut, Paris, 1982. al-Imam, M. R. The Politics of Hamouda Pasha in Tunisia (1792-1814). Tunisian University Publications, Tunis, 1980, pp. 220-221. Noureddine, Z. The ruling Authority and Development Options in Algerian Society (1962-1998). Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, 2000. Ghattas, A. Algerian Treaties - Venice 7 Muharram 1177 AH - 18 July 1763. Journal of Historical Studies, Algeria, No. (7), 1993, pp. 94-95. Yahya, J. The Great Maghreb (Modern Times and the Attack of Colonialism). Part 3, Dar Al-Nahda, Beirut, 1981, pp. 48-50; Nasser al-Din Saidouni, The Financial System of Algeria in the Late Ottoman Era (1792-1830), Algeria, 2009, pp. 240-241. Assaf, E. Y. Bey. History of the Sultans of Bani Othman. Cairo, 1st Edition, 2011, pp. 119-120. Al-Madani, A. T. Doumit Antoun looks at the Ottoman feudalism during the 16th century AD between Modernity and Tradition. Publishing House for Politics and History, Beirut, 2002, pp. 91-93.. Ibn Abi Diaf, A. Ithaf al-Zaman bi Akhbar al-Muluk al-Tunisi wa Ahd al-Aman (Giving time with the news of the kings of Tunisia and the era of safety ). Part 3, Arab Book House, Tunis, 1999, p. 76. Elaraby, I. The Algerian-American Treaty and How Algeria Was the Cause of the Establishment of the First American Fleet. Culture Journal, Algeria, Year (7), Issue (40), 1977. Mokhtari, S. The Secret Wars Against Guarded Algeria, European Campaigns and the Emergence of the Algerian Alatwal as a Global Maritime Power, Algeria Declaring War on America in 1785. Algeria, (D-T), pp. 10-11. Al-Madani, A. T. This is Algeria. Egyptian Renaissance Bookshop, 2001, p. 71. Planty. Correspondence to the Signs of Tunisia, Part 3, Tunis, (D, T), p. 357. Abu Medina, H. M. Geography of the Western Port of Tripoli. Dar Misrata, Libya, 1st edition, 2005, pp. 97-99; Mahmoud Ali Amer and Muhammad Khair Fares, History of the Modern Maghreb (Al-Maghreb Al-Aqsa and Libya), Damascus University Publications, Syria, 1999, p. 223. Nasreddine, I. History of the City of Algeria. Tala Publications, Algeria, 2010, Raevsky,B. The West Against the Islamic World, from the Crusades to Our Days. Moscow, 1976, pp. 52-53; Al-Arabi, I. Abdel-Qader’s Government and Administration. Al-Thaqafiya Journal, Issue (75), Algeria, 1983, pp. 223-224. Yfo, Alfred. President Hamidou. Translated by Al-Arabi Al-Zubayri. Algerian Institution for Printing and Publishing, Algeria, 1972, pp. 90-99. Al-Daqin, M. H. Studies in the History of the Ottoman Empire. Cairo, 1979, Memoirs of William Schaller. Arabization: Ismail Elaraby, Algeria, 1982, pp. Ziadeh, N. Libya in the Nineteenth Century. Research Journal, Beirut, Sunnah (11), Issue (1), 1958, p. 15; Bouaziz, Algeria's Foreign Relations with European Countries and Mamluks (1500-1830), Algeria, pp. 121-122. Dudu, Abu Al-Eid. Algeria in the Works of German Travelers (1830-1855). the National Book Foundation, Algeria, p. 41. Mukhtar, Hassani. History of the Beys of Constantine. Dahlab Publications, Algeria, 1999, pp. 71-72. Publications of the Libyan Research and Studies Center. Eyalet of Western Tripoli. Hakam Ali Al-Qaramanli Pasha of Tripoli Al-Gharb 1793. Edited by Abdul Hakim, Irbid, Tripoli, 1978, pp. 13-14. Ziadeh, Kh. The Discovery of European Progress, A Study of European Influences on the Ottomans at the End of the Eighteenth Century. Dar Al-Tali’ah, Beirut, 1981. Hammad, H. S. Mutual Economic Ties between the Karamanli Sultanate and Tripolitanian Society at the End of the Karamanli Era. Journal of Science and Human Studies, Al-Marj, Libya, Issue (13), 2016, pp. 3-4. Al-Mahjoubi, A. The Modern and Contemporary Arab World, “Backwardness, Colonialism, and Resistance”. Dar Muhammad Ali, Tunis, 1st edition, 2009, The Ottoman Empire. History and Civilization, Supervised and Presented by: Ekmel El-Din Hasan Oglu. Translated by Salih Saadoun, Istanbul, 2000, p. 95. Lutsky. Modern History of the Countries of Arabia. Translated by Afifa Al-Bustani, Moscow, 1971, p. 220. Amer, M. A. and Fares, M. Kh. History of the Modern Maghreb (Al-Aqsa and Libya). Damascus University Publications, 1999, p. 228. Chafou, R. Colonial Political Repercussions on Relations between Southeast Algeria and Tunisia 1830-1954. Cannes Historical Journal - Algeria, Issue 43, 2016, pp. 9-10. Agrito, Marcel. Al-Watan Algeria. Politics Books (114). Translated by Abdullah Tomo, National House for Printing and Publishing, Cairo. Khoja, Hamdan. The Mirror, Presentation, Arabization and investigation: Muhammad Al-Arabi Al-Zubairi, National Book Foundation, Algeria, 1975. Sharaf al-Din, A. M. S. An Introduction to the Social and Economic History of Tripoli, A Study of the City’s Commercial Institutions (1711-1835). Publications of the Libyan Jihad Center for Historical Studies, Historical Studies Series No. (37), Tripoli, 1998, p. 90. Tooley, R. Ten Years in the Court of Tripoli. Translated by Omar al-Dirawi Abu Hijleh, Dar al-Maarif Ltd., London, 1984. Mikaki, R. Tripoli of the West under the Rule of the Qaramanli Family, Translated by: Taha Fawzi, Reviewed by Hassan Mahmoud and Kamal al-Din Abdel Aziz al-Kharbutli, League of Arab States, Institute of Higher Arab Studies, Cairo, 1961. Raymond, André “Tunisians and Maghrebins in Cairo in XVIIIe siècle, Tunisie, 1959, p126-127. Abdelhamed, M. B. The formation of Algerienne precoloniale essai d'analyse theorique, Alger, 1981, p183-184. DE GRAMMONT, Histoire d’Alger sous la domination turque (1515-1830), paris, Ernest Leroux Edite,1887 , p328-330. Guy Pervillé. La guerre d’Algérie Histolre et Memolres, op, P17. Hurewitz, J.C. The Middle East And North Africa In World Politics, A Documentary Record 1535-1914, Vol. I, 2^nd Editions ,New Haven & London,1956, P 110. 42. Macmaster, J. B. Diplomatic History of The American People Sixth Edition. New york , 1979,P.64. 43. Kuran, Erkument. La letter du demier der an grand vizir de lempire ottoman, R-A, 1952, P192-193.
Statistics Article View: 408 PDF Download: 332