Application of Aridity Indices in the Eastern Region of the Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaMohammed Hasan Mheisen

Al-Qasim, Muhammad A.; M. Al-Nour, Mukhtar

doi:10.37653/juah.2021.171595

	Application of Aridity Indices in the Eastern Region of the Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaMohammed Hasan Mheisen
Journal of University of Anbar for Humanities
Article 30, Volume 2021, Issue 2, 2021, Pages 1870-1903 PDF (1.17 M)
DOI: 10.37653/juah.2021.171595
Authors
Muhammad A. Al-Qasim; Mukhtar M. Al-Nour
Abstract
The foundations and criteria for the definition of aridity and the identification of dry regions varied from one researcher to another, the objective of this study is to measure the degree of aridity in the Eastern Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and climatically classified. The methods followed by the study are the regional, historical, descriptive analytical and inductive approaches. The study relied on climatic data that were obtained from Meteorological Service and Environmental Protection for five meteorology stations, Qaisumah, Dhahran, Al-Ahsa, Hafr Al-Batin, and Dammam, during the period from 2000 to 2012. Six aridity indices: Lange, de Martin, Cousin, Thornthwaite, Koppen and Wilmey were applied to monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall and temperature rates. The results revealed that all months in the Eastern Region and all stations are classified as dry months according to the Kossin and Thornthwaite. The results also show that the seasons were characterized by varying degrees of aridity. With regards to seasons, the summer was the driest, followed by the autumn, while the aridity decreased during the winter and spring seasons. The study area was also characterized by the annual aridity according to the application of the Lang, de Marton, Koppen and Wilmy. The study recommended that the necessity of activating water-harvesting projects to make the most of varying rainfall rates, rationalize water consumption, and conduct studies concerned with the applied climate
Keywords
Aridity; aridity indices; rainfall rate; temperature rate; Eastern Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

References
Arabic Sources 1. Abu Ali, Mansour Hamdi (2010), geography of dry areas: Public Order, climate change, land system, water and biological system, ecosystem, social system and development, Wael publishing house, Amman-Jordan, Vol.1. 2. Saudi Geological Survey Commission (1433 Ah). Saudi Arabia-facts and figures. King Fahd National Library during publication, Jeddah. 3. Hafeez, Emad Mohammed Theyab (2014), the reality of desertification and water scarcity and their implications in the Arab world. Safa publishing and distribution house-Amman, Jordan. 4. Al-jawzari, Ali Hamza (2016), desertification, its concept-its manifestations-its conditions-its natural and human causes, some of its environmental impacts and means of combating it. Methodological house for publishing and distribution-Amman, Jordan, 1st floor. 5. Al-Melhem, Afnan Abdul Latif (2018), sand and dust storms in eastern Saudi Arabia-a study in climatic geography, unpublished master's thesis – King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa. 6. Al-Rawi, Sabah Mahmoud Ali, al-juffaifi, Mahmoud Ibrahim Miteb, al-Hadithi, Ahmed clinic Khudair (2017), Applied Climatology, Dar Wael publishing and distribution.Amman-Jordan, 1st floor. 7. Hassan, Mohammed Ibrahim, Shata, Mr. Ali (2014), the components and forms of desertification and sand dunes in dry and semi-dry lands. Egyptian library for publishing and distribution, Alexandria-Egypt. 8. Samarani, Qusai Abdul Majeed (2015), climate and climatic regions. Al-yazouri scientific publishing and distribution house, Amman-Jordan, 1st floor. English Sources Abdullah, M.A.;Al-Mazroui, M.A (1998). Climatological study of the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia. I. Rainfall analysis.Clim. Res. 9, 213–223. Almazroui, M.A (2011). Calibration of TRMM rainfall climatology over Saudi Arabia Almazroui M. (2012). Temperature Variability over Saudi Arabia and its Association with Global Climate Indices. JKAU: Met., Env. & Arid Land Agric. Sci., Vol. 23, No. 1, pp: 85-108 (2012 A.D./1433 A.H.) DOI: 10.4197/Met. 23-1.6. Almazroui M., Nazrul Islam M., Dambul R. and Jonesa P. D. (2013). Trends of temperature extremes in Saudi Arabia.Int. J. Climatol. 34: 808–826. A. Mashat and H. Abdel Basset (2011). Analysis of Rainfall over Saudi Arabia. JKAU: Met., Env. & Arid Land Agric. Sci., Vol. 22, No. 2, pp: 59-78 (2011 A.D./1432 A.H.) DOI: 10.4197/Met. 22-2.4 Barthand, H.; rank Steinkohl,F. Origin of winter precipitation in the central coastal lowlands of Saudi Arabia.J. Arid Environ.2004, 57, 101–115. Hosny Hasanean and Mansour Almazroui (2015). Rainfall: Features and Variations over Saudi Arabia, A Review. Climate 2015, 3, 578-626; doi:10.3390/cli3030578. ISSN 2225-1154.www.mdpi.com/journal/climate. IPCC (2007) Working group II contribution to the intergovernmental panel on climate change fourth assessment report climate change 2007: climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, pp 9–10. Mandakh Nyamtseren Qi Feng & Ravinesh Deo (2018), A Comparative Study of Temperature and Precipitation-Based Aridity Indices and Their Trends in Mongolia. International Journal of Environmental Research, Vol. 12, 887–899. Pellicone G , Caloiero T. and Guagliardi I. (2019). The De Martonne aridity index in Calabria (Southern Italy). J. oF Maps, 15 (2) 788–796. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2019.1673840. Mewcha Amha Gebremedhin, Gebrerufael Hailu Kahsay, · Hailemariam Gebrewahed Fanta (2018). Assessment of spatial distribution of aridity indices in Raya Valley, northern Ethiopia. Applied Water Science (2018) 8:217. Tarawneh, S., (2000). Drought analysis of selected rainfall stations in Jordan. Dirasat, 27: 77-95. Moral FJ, Rebollo FJ, Paniagua LL, García-Martín A, Honorio F (2015). Spatial distribution and comparison of aridity indices in Extremadura, southwestern Spain. Theor Appl Climatol. https :// doi.org/10.1007/s0070 4-015-1615-7. Tarawneh Q. Y. (2013). Quantification of Drought in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Water Resources and Arid Environments 2(3): 125-133, ISSN 2079-7079. Ragab, R. and Prudhomme, C.(2000) Climate change and water resources management in the southern Mediterranean and Middle East countries. The Second World Water Forum, 17–22, March 2000, The Hague. Şarlak, N., & Mahmood Agha, O. M. A. (2018). Spatial and temporal variations of aridity indices in Iraq. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 133, 89–99. SAWA, B. A., Ati, O. F.و JAIYEOBA, I. A.و Oladipo, E. O. ( 2015).Trends in Aridity of the Arid and Semi-Arid Regions of Northern Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science www.iiste.org, ISSN 2224-3216 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0948 (Online), Vol.5, No.10. Şen Zekai, Al‑Harithy Saad, As‑Sefry Saleh, Almazroui Mansour (2017). Aridity and Risk Calculations in Saudi Arabian Wadis: Wadi Fatimah Case.Earth Systems and Environment (2017) 1:26. Subyani, A.M. (2004). Geostatistical study of annual and seasonal mean rainfall patterns in southwest Saudi Arabia.Hydrol. Sci. J., 49, 803–817. Subyani, A.M.; Al-Modayan, A.A.; Al-Ahmadi, F.S. (2010). Topographic, seasonal and aridity influences on rainfall variability in western Saudi Arabia. J. Environ. Hydrol. 18, 1–11. Wendland, W.M., (1990). Hydrological aspects of the 1988 drought in Illinois. American Water Resources Asso, 26: 913-920.
Statistics Article View: 382 PDF Download: 324