Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
333
USING OF AQUATIC EXTRACTS OF SALVIA OFFICINALIS TO
CONTROL THE SNAIL BULINUS TRUNCATUS THE INTERMEDIATE
HOST OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN IRAQ (PART I)
Mohammed J.L. Al-Obaidi, Ali H. Abbas, Ahmad Yousif Hanoon, and Khowla
Ibrahim
Tropical. Boilogical Research Unit,Collage of Science,University of Baghdad,Baghdad,Iraq
Key words: Salvia officinalis, Schistosomiasis, LD50
ABSTRACT
Samples of the snails were collected from site in Al-Rasheed distract (30 km) southern of
Baghdad. Isolation, identification and acclimatization to laboratory circumstances made within the
laboratory. Several toxic parameters as NOEL, Threshold, different values of ED and LD were
determined in this study. The ED50 of S. officinalis and Copper sulfates to B. truncatus were (8.8
and0.04g/L) respectively. The LD50 of S. officinalis and Copper sulfates to B. truncatus were (20
and 2.2 g/L) respectively.The study showed that the extracts of S. officinalis were less effective
than CuSO4. The results improved that the toxicity of extracts was dose and time dependent. The
present work concluded to ability to use the target extracts in control of snails the middle host of
urinary Schistosomiasis.
Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis) may be a major public pathological state within the world. It
affects 240 million people worldwide. Millions of people are suffering from severe morbid
because of Schistosomiasis.The type parasitic worm Schistosoma haematobium is the causing of
urogenital Schistosomiasis and the types S. guineensis, S. intercalatum, S. mansoni, S. japonicum,
and S. mekongi are the causing of intestinal Schistosomiasis. Iraq is a one of countries suffering
from urogenital Schistosomiasis. Baladruz is one of endemic distract of Diyala province with
Bilharziasis. Al-Bzania River in Baladruz is considers as a foci of disease victor. According to
statistics of health associations and many studies in the region, 18% of Baladruz populations
affects with Schistosomiasis. Many causes were effected of distribution of Schistosomiasis in the
region as authorities’ factors like using of river water as a wash place and swim especially with
children whereas it specialized to palms irrigation [1-3].The life cycle of the disease is depending
on factors such as presenting of Bulinus truncatus snail and contacting with water infested with
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
334
cercariae. Cercariae are release from the snails into the water and penetrate the skin of human
through bathing, swimming, fishing, and agricultural activities. Adult worms are lives in the veins
draining the urinary tract and intestines [4].
Control of Bilharziasis might hap by chemical, physical, and biological. Chemical
management has several disadvantages as aspect effect, non-selectivity, represent treatment not
interference, and expensively. Now, the control of Bilharziasis became it doable by WHO ways.
Severe morbidity because of bilharzias is often preventing by treatment with PRAZIQUANTEL,
ALBENDAZOLE and IVERMECTIN or by community education [5, 6].Biological control by
cutting of life cycle of unwellness, management of the vector and eradication of disease agent
before put down the body is bear in mind to be higher than chemical control for previous causes.
Materials utilized in biological management should studied additional details to guard the
surroundings and living communities [7].
Extracts of some plant molluscicidal as Euphorbia splendens, phytolacca dodecandra, and
Tetrapleura tetraptera had been reportable to find the toxicity towards snails. It is also reported
that the n-butanol extracts of some plant molluscicidal like Sapindus trifoliatus, Agave americana,
Balanites agyptica, Jatrapha gossypifolia, and Vaccaria pyramidata are toxic against freshly
arranged eggs of L. luteol[8].
The Leaves of the plant S. officinalis are containing a giant range of chemicals, elements,
and acids. For example, Cineol, Heptane, Hydroxy-olen, Epioleanolic-acid, Alpha-amyrin,
Aluminum, Boron, Calcium, Iron, Chromium, Cobalt, Zinc, Copper, Magnesium, Silicon, Sodium
,Manganese, Phosphorus, Potassium, Ascorbic acid , Beta carotene, Beta sitosterol, Botulin,
Camphor, Humulene, Menthol, Myrcene, Niacun, Riboflavin, Sabinene, Sabinol, Tannin,
Thiamin, Tricyclene [9, 10].
Cupper sulfates used as molluscicides to the snail of Biomphalaria alxandry the middle host
of Schistosoma mansoni in Egypt and Sudan, B. truncatus the middle host of Schistosoma
haematobium in Iraq and Lymnaea caillaudi the middle host of Fasciola hepatica[11].
The aim of study is to determine some plant molluscicides to the snail of Bulinus truncatus
to regulate the Bilharziasis with environmental safety.The aim of present study is to determine the
effects of aquatic extracts of Salvia officinaliscomparing with cupper sulphates against
Bulinustruncatusthe vector of urinary Bilharziasis.
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
335
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection ofsnails
Collection of Bulinus truncatussnail’ssamples were from June to August 2015 weekly.
Collection of samples was from Al-Rasheed district (30km) south of Baghdad. The study area is
including station near of street number 37 (arrived between Al-Rasheed districts and Tigris River).
The coordinates of area were (33º32’83) longitude and (44º25’37) latitude. The snails were
collected from small irrigation canal beside main canal called (Muhyii Canal). Zooplankton net
and steel spoon were used to collecting the snails. Aquatic plants were collect to obtain the snails
attached on their surfaces. 5 L plastic containers were using to keep the samples. We are place the
snails in with a quantity of water from the river. The snails were feeding with the extracts of
leaves of Alfa alfa plant 10ml per 50L daily. The collected snails were isolate, identified according
to stander keys of snails [12]. Then the snails are acclimatized to laboratory conditions (T 25+ 3)
before testing for two days. Snails were cultivated in laboratory.
Preparation of Aquatic Extracts and stock solution (SS)
The aquatic extract of the leaves of S. officinalis were prepared, concentrated,anddried. The
leaves dried in a shade, shredded in a hand mill (Estrella®, model 41B) and in an electric mill
(Moulinex®), then sifted through a mesh (number 30) to obtain a fine powder, and left in a cool
dry place[13].A weighed amount of the extract made up to desired concentrations in water for
analysis. Fifty and one hundred grams of leaf powder of both S. officinalis and T. vulgaris were
macerated for 24hr in 1 L of distilled water and placed in glass flasks. The macerate was filter
through cotton gauzes in a plastic funnel to get crude extracts. To prepare each extracts stock
solution, 50 grams added to 1000 milliliters of distilled water to give a concentration of 5% (0.05).
Fifty and one hundred grams of S. officinalisextracts were adding to 1L of distilled water to
produce a stock solution (50,000 and 100,000 ppm). Serial of dilution made from this SS. One
gram of Kuepfer sulfates (CuSo4.5H2O) (RIEDEL-DE HAEN AG SEELZE-HANNOVER) was
adding to 1 L of distilled water to make a stock solution (1000 ppm) as a standard of comparators
or positive control [14].
Treatmentsand Bioassays
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
336
A serial of 1-10% concentrations was prepared from each stock solution of the extracts (50g
and 100g /L) for S. officinalis. The W.H.O. method (II) for testing for molluscicides was follow;
exposure and recovery periods were 24 hours in all the tests. To monitor the susceptibility of
snails and to compare its potency with the extracts while the lethal concentrations and their 95%
confidence limits were determine by probit analysis [15]. Bioassays were conduct in the
laboratory to evaluate by sub-acute NOEL, ED10, ED16, ED50, ED84, ED90, and ED100. Same
parameters were performing to LD[16].End point of dead individuals were considered when there
was no movement, no response to stimulation by glass rod, no recovery after 24 hr. of putting in
clean water and lack of the ability to adhere. Dead individuals were removing after every
recording. All recorded results were comparing with the control group. With the data obtained,
percentage of mortality was estimate with respect to the total population of snails evaluated in this
bioassay. Compering made to each period of exposure and for all concentrations [17].
Statistical Analysis
Regression analysis depending on the probit units used to calculate different levels of LD
and ED by using the provider of SPSS (V. 21)and Biostat (V. 5) programs[18-20]. The results
corrected by Abbott equation, calculating with two analysis methods included Log of Dose and
Dose, and relationships between Logarithm of concentrations and probit units plotted [21].
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. S. officinalisExtracts (Escaping activity, Dose 50 and 100g/L)
Theresults of the study showed that the escaping activity of snails is marketing in 24hr. of
exposure at stock solution (50g/L) and (100g/L) experiments. The lowest and highest recorded
number of escaping activity with their probit values showing in the table below.The results of
probit analysis of log of dose normal distribution cleared the little differences between the really
value of escaping number (R) that recorded in study and expected number E (R) calculated
according to the analysis. According to Chi-square values, there is a confidence of recorded
results. No significant differences between the effects of concentrations for 50 and 100g/L on
escaping activity (p-value 0.9 and 1) respectively (Table1).
Table 1. Escaping activity of B. truncatus exposed to 50 and 100g/L S. officinalisfor
96hr with Probit analysis - Finney Method [Lognormal Distribution].
Log10Dose Actual (%) Probit (%) N R E(R) Difference Chi-square
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Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
337
Dose of S. officinalisextracts 50g/L
0. 0.0667 0.028 30 2. 0.8396 1.1604 1.6037
1. 0.5667 0.508 30 17. 15.2386 1.7614 0.2036
Dose of S. officinalisextracts 100g/L
0. 0.2 0.1786 30 6. 5.3582 0.6418 0.0769
1. 0.3333 0.3332 30 10. 9.9969 0.0031 0.
Parameters 50g/L 100g/L
Chi-square 3.4001 0.2136
Degrees of Freedom 8 8
p-level 0.9068 1
Alpha value (for confidence interval) 0.001 0.001
The study recorded different values to ED ofS. officinalis extracts to snail B. truncatusfor 50
and 100g/L Doses, lower and upperconfidant level, Beta value and SE (Table2).
Table 2. Different ED levels of escaping activity of B. truncatus exposed to S.
officinalis (Dose-Response analysis)
Dose of S. officinalisextracts 50g/L
ED10 2.0023 Beta 0.1883
ED16 3.4981 Beta Standard Error 0.0598
ED50 8.8076 ED50 LCL 7.2872
ED84 14.117 ED50 UCL 10.3279
ED90 15.6128 Intercept 3.3411
ED100 16.7717 ED50 Standard Error 0.457
Dose of S. officinalisextracts 100g/L
ED10 -7.964 Beta 0.0507
ED16 -2.4112 Beta Standard Error 0.0537
ED50 17.2986 ED50 LCL 11.9503
ED84 37.0084 ED50 UCL 22.6469
ED90 42.5612 Intercept 4.1223
ED100 46.8633 ED50 Standard Error 1.6093
The study concluded that the Dose (SS-50and 100 g/L) were in the rage target for achieved
the ED50. Clear significant relationship between S. officinalis extracts and B.truncatus response.
This relationshiprepresented by increasing of Dose and log Dose followed by increasing the
response of snails. According to the least squares of escaping activity numbers, the actual percent,
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
338
probit and weight of Dose used in the experiments were suitable for determine the ED50 of
extracts to target snail.Marketing of escaping rates in 24hr. of exposure with the lowest tested
concentrations indicate that the NOEL values are lying in the concentrations less than 1% or in the
first hours of exposure. THRESHOLD of effect of S. officinalis expected to be marketing in the
range of concentrations (0-1%). Abstractly, Marketing of escaping rates in the experiments of
stock solution (50g/L) with percent higher than in the experiments of stock solution (100g/L) is
due to the mortality rate.Absence of dose-response relationship at 72 &96hr. of exposure indicate
that the tested concentrations considered as NOEL values and all tested snails were killing.
S. officinalisExtracts (Mortality Rate, Dose 50 and 100g/L)
Probit analysis of log Dose, and Dose normal distribution in this study showed that the
mortality rate of snails were marketing in 48hr. of exposure at stock solution (50g/L) and (100g/L)
experiments. The lowest and highestmortality values with their probit percent were recorded in the
table below. The results found significant differences between effects of concentrations on
mortality rates (Table3).
Table 3. Mortality rates of B. truncatus exposed to 50g/L S. officinalisfor 96hr with Probit analysis
Method [Lognormal Distribution].
Log10[Dose (Stimulus)] Actual (%) Probit (%) N R E(R) Difference Chi-square
Dose of S. officinalisextracts 50g/L
0. 0.0083 0. 30 0.25 0. 0.25 25,224.2471
1. 0.1 0.0977 30 3. 2.9297 0.0703 0.0017
Dose of S. officinalisextracts 100g/L
0. 0.0083 0.0001 30 0.25 0.0027 0.2473 23.0799
1. 0.2 0.216 30 6. 6.4798 -0.4798 0.0355
50g/L 100g/L
Chi-square 25,310.8 26.13
Degrees of Freedom 8 8
P-level 0. 0.001
Alpha value (for confidence interval) 0.001
The study recorded a serial of doses with their percentile needs to use to achieve the
percentile of mortality. Clear significant relationship between S. officinalis extracts and
B.truncatus response by escaping activity affect. According to the least squares of escaping
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
339
activity numbers, the actual percent, probit and weight of Dose used in the experiments were
suitable for determine the LD50 of extracts to target snail.
The study recorded different values to LD ofS. officinalis extracts to snail B. truncatusfor 50
and 100g/L Doses, lower and upperconfidant level, Beta value and SE (Table 4).
Table 4. Different LD levels of mortality rates of B. truncatus exposed to S.
officinalis (Dose-Response analysis)
Dose of S. officinalisextracts 50g/L
LD10 10.7685 Beta 0.138
LD16 12.8094 Beta Standard Error 0.0914
LD50 20.0533 LD50 LCL 13.2088
LD84 27.2973 LD50 UCL 26.8978
LD90 29.3381 Intercept 2.2317
LD100 30.9192 LD50 Standard Error 1.8704
Dose of S. officinalisextracts 100g/L
LD10 7.0803 Beta 0.184
LD16 8.6116 Beta Standard Error 0.0816
LD50 14.0472 LD50 LCL 12.1302
LD84 19.4827 LD50 UCL 15.9641
LD90 21.014 Intercept 2.4157
LD100 22.2004 LD50 Standard Error 0.573
Generally, the study reported that the increasing of stock solution concentration laid to
increasing of mortality rates. As well as, the increasing of period of exposure laid to increasing of
mortality rates too. The study reported that the complete death of snails did not marked in stock
solution (50g/L) experiments but the complete death was marked in stock solution (100g/L)
experiments. Therefor we can say there was a significant increase in the mortality rates of snails
exposed to tested extracts comparatively with the control group. This finding agrees with finding
which showed marked reduction in the survival rate of snails treated with concentrations of
different plant extracts compared to control [22].The study found that these extracts were cause
effect and death to snail of B. truncatus and dose and time dependent. These results agreed with
applied study of water extract of T. tetraptera that used a concentration of 15, 20, and 25mg/liter
in Nigeria [23-26]. Absence of dose-response relationship between the tested extracts and tested
snails at 50g/L for 24hr. of exposure indicate that the tested concentrations considered as NOEL
values. Absence of dose-response relationship between the tested extracts and tested snails at
100g/L for 96hr. of exposure indicate that all tested snails were killing.
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
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The snail B. truncatus exposed to CuSO4
SS-1g/L CuSO4
EC50 (Escaping activity)
The study recorded lowest and highest escaping activity with their probit in the table
below.Little differences between the really value of escaping number (R) that recorded in study
and expected number E (R) calculated according to the analysis were recorded. According to Chisquare
values, there is a confidence of recorded results. No significant differences between the
effects of concentrations on escaping activity (p-value 0.02) (Table5).
Table 5. Escaping activity of B. truncatus exposed to CuSo4for 96hr with Probit analysis -
Finney Method [Lognormal Distribution].
Log10[Dose
(Stimulus)] Actual Percent (%) Probit Percent (%) N R E(R) Difference Chi-square
0. 0.3 0.4829
30
9.
14.48
59 -5.4859 2.0776
1. 0.0083 0.0062
30
0.2
5
0.185
8 0.0642 0.0222
Chi-square 24.0143
Degrees of Freedom 8
p-level 0.0023
Alpha value (for confidence interval) 0.001
The study recorded a serial of doses and their percentile needs to use to achieve the
percentile of escaping activity. These doses limited in range (0.1-8.4 g/L) of the Dose 1g/L. Clear
significant relationship between CuSO4 and B.truncatus response by escaping activity affect. The
study showed decreasing of extracts Dose follow by decreasing the response represented by
escaping activity. In addition, we noticed decreasing of log of Dose led to decreasing of the
percent of Response. As well as decreasing of Dose, follow by decreasing the response
represented by escaping activity. The study found that the Dose SS-1 g/L CuSO4, which used in
the experiments, was in the rage target for achieved the ED50. According to the least squares of
escaping activity numbers, the actual percent, probit and weight of Dose used in the experiments
were suitable for determine the ED50 of extracts to target snail.
The study recorded different values of ED, lower confidant,upper confidantlevel,Beta value
and SE with intercept(Table 6).
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
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Table 6. Different ED levels of escaping activity of B. truncatus exposed to
CuSO4(Dose-Response analysis)
ED10 4.341 Beta -0.2925
ED16 3.3777 Beta Standard Error 0.0811
ED50 -0.0416 ED50 LCL 1.6931
ED84 -3.4608 ED50 UCL -1.7762
ED90 -4.4241 Intercept 4.9878
ED100 -5.1704 ED50 Standard Error -0.5097
NOEL values of exposure the B. truncatus snail to CuSO4 were marked in concentration (>0.01).
The Threshold value is marketing in concentrations less than 0.01g/L.half-treated snails appeared
to be able to escape from the exposure media in the concentrations 0.04 at 24hr. of exposure. No
ability of escaping marketing in the concentrations more than 0.03 (at 24 and 48hr), and 0.02 (at
72hr) of exposure respectively. Absence of marketing of escaping ability is due to complete death
that event to all treated individuals of snails
Mortality rates
The study showed that the expose of B. truncatus to stock solution of (1g/L)CuSO4,
mortality rate was marked in the lowest concentration 0.1% continue increasing to complete
death100% in 0.6% after 24hr. of exposure. After 48hr. of exposure, the mortality rate was marked
in concentration 0.1% continue increasing to complete death 100% in 0.5%. After 72hr. of
exposure, the mortality rate was marked in concentration 0.1% continue increasing to complete
death 100% in 0.4%. After 96hr. of exposure, the mortality rate was marked in concentration 0.1%
continue increasing to complete death 100% in 0.3% (Table 7).
Table7: Mortality rates of B. truncatus exposed to CuSO4for 96hr with Probit Analysis - Finney
Method [Lognormal Distribution].
Log10[Dose
(Stimulus)]
Actual
Percent (%)
Probit Percent
(%) N R E(R) Difference Chi-square
0. 0.0667 0.0319 30 2. 0.9575 1.0425 1.135
1. 0.9917 0.9999 30 29.75 29.9972 -0.2472 0.002
Chi-square
Chi-square 1.8575
Degrees of Freedom 8
p-level 0.9851
The study recorded different values of LD,lower confidant, upper confidant, Beta value and
SEof T.vulgaris extracts to snail B. truncatus in the table below (Table8).
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
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Table 8. Different LD levels of mortality rates of B. truncatus exposed to
CuSO4(Dose-Response analysis)
LD10 -0.652 Beta 0.4429
LD16 -0.0158 Beta Standard Error 0.0873
LD50 2.2423 LD50 LCL 0.8145
LD84 4.5003 LD50 UCL 3.67
LD90 5.1365 Intercept 4.007
LD100 5.6294 LD50 Standard Error 0.4123
The study recorded a serial of doses and their percentile needs to use to achieve the
percentile of mortality. Clear significant relationship between CuSO4 and B.truncatus response by
mortality rates affect. According to the least squares of escaping activity numbers, the actual
percent, probit and weight of Dose used in the experiments were suitable for determine the LD50
of extracts to target snail.The study showed that the complete death of snails exposed to CuSO4
was marked in all periods of exposure. Compete death was contagiously decreased through
increasing of exposure time.
The current study was supported with other study which found that the LC50 values of
CuSO4·5H2O treatment for 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h were 2.596, 1.037, 0.690 and 0.400 mg/L
respectively.That means increasing of death with increasing of concentrations from one side and
increasing of death with increasing of time of exposure from other side.Clear liner and Semi Sshape
relationship between the doses of CuSo4 and mortality of tested snails was appearing at
exposure with high correlation. In a summary of arrangement, the effect of tested materials, the
study found the scale: CuSO4>S. officinalis. The EC50 of CuSO4and S. officinalis to B. truncatus
were 9.7 and 0.9respectively.In addition, in a summary of arrangement the toxicity of tested
material, the study found the scale: CuSO4>S. officinalis. The LC50 of CuSO4 S. officinalis to B.
truncatus were 21.3 and 2.2 respectively (Figure 1, 2).
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
0
5
10
S.officinalis CuSo4
9.7
0.9
EC
Figure1-Effectsummary ofS. officinalis
CuSO4 extract against the snail
Finally, the results of this study agreed with a histopathological study of
on Bulinus (Phyopsis) globosus, Biomphalaria glabrata,
extract on various snail tissues found to be time and concentration dependent
snails which marked in this study may explained by the mechanism of activity of these extracts
that demonstrated by produced significant reductions on the glycogen and protein content and
molluscicides action on the carbohydrate metabolism of the snail.
of extracts on the snails was included registration in many organs as kidney, hepatopancreas, and
gastro-intestinal tract.Further effects of T
columella snail as growth and egg production recorde
effect of tested material in this study agreed with study about
that evaluated and compared with niclosamide against different stages of the fresh water snail
Lymnaea luteola eggs, immature, young mature, and adults and the calculated values of lethal
concentration (LC50 and LC90)[28]
Furthermore, the extracts of
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antileishmanial, antimalarial, antiprotozoal,
insecticidal and molluscicides activities
snails which depending on elimination or reduction of their population density under an explicit
essential threshold, laid to reduce transmission to a new people infection
molluscicides plant origin because the disadvantages of use synthetic molluscicides as
NICLOSAMIDE which represented by highly costs, has toxic
need complex organized at application
plants characterized with cheaper, environmentally friendly, biodegradable and immediately
333
0
10
20
30
S.officinalis CuSo
21.3
4
9
EC50
S. officinalis&
B.truncatus.
Figure2-Mortality summary of
CuSO4 extract toxicity the snail
and Physa waterlotti
l ed As well as mechanis
T. tetraptera extracts to B. glabrata
recorded in some studies[4]
molluscicides effect of nicotinanilide
[28].
S. officinalis and T. vulgaris are known previously for their
[29, 30]. The subject of study was around the cont
infection[31]
effect to nonneed
[32].Therefore, we needs to natural molluscicides from
CuSo4
2.2
LD50
ummary S. officinalis&
B.truncatus.
T. tetraptera extract
waterlotti. The effect of the
[27]. The death of
mechanism ofactivity
and Lymnaea
[4].The molluscicides
. control of
]. The study used the
-target organism, and
.
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Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
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334
offered. Advantages of using the molluscicides plant origin are exhibiting low toxicity for snails’
embryos [33].The study was targeted the vector because the snail vector of Bilharzias is
characteristic by protective behavior pattern, hermaphroditic, capable of both sexual and asexual
and capable of self-fertilization give it an epidemiological importance[34, 35]. Some studies
mentions different protective behavioral patterns of snails such ability to escaping of from the
exposure media, avoid high doses of toxicant , and inter into the shell [36]. In addition, semis of
these behavioral patterns were noticing in present study such as attempting to climb the piker wall,
pulling the body into the shell, secreting a protective slime over the aperture, and floating to top of
the containers. Thus, survival of a few individuals of snail can produce a large number of
offspring. The study was chosen for these plants because S. officinalis leave extracts contains
saponins, which produce a foam in water causing a coating of the respiratory surfaces like lung
and secondary gills which will impair respiration [37].
We recommended to use extractsof S. officinalis or their derivative as molluscicidesby
applying in the fieldas well as to determine the method of application and its
biodegradability.Moreover, continuous through surveillance is important to assess both the density
of the snail hosts and the prevalence of Schistosomiasis and using of other plant origin.
CONCLUSION
The present work showed that theS. officinalis extracts were potent to snail of B. truncatus.
From other side view, the target snail was sensitive to CuSO4. The target extracts are often able to
use as a molluscicides.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are gratefully to ministry of higher education and scientific research department
of pioneer projects especially Dr. Salah, Ms. Laith, Ms. Alaa and Mss. Nada for supporting the
project with budget and equipment.
تاثیر المستخلص المائی لنبات المرمیھ للسیطره على القوقع المضیف للبلھارزیا الدمویھ
محمد العبیدی ،علی عباس ،احمد یوسف حنون ،خولھ ابراھیم
کلیة العلوم ،جامعھ بغداد ،بغداد ،العراق
الخلاصة
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
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335
جمعت عینات القواقع من موقع فی ناحیة الرشید ( 30 کم) جنوب بغداد. تم عمل العزل والتشخیص والاقلمة لظروف المختبر
فی المختبر. تم تحدید عدة مقاییس للسمیة مثل مستوى التأثیرات غیر المشاھد وحد العتبة وقیم مختلفة من متوسط الجرع المؤثرة
کانت ( 9.7 و 0.9 B. truncatus وکبریتات النحاس للقوقع S. officinalis والممیتة. متوسط الجرعة المؤثرة لمستخلص المرمیة
کانت B. truncatus وکبریتات النحاس للقوقع S. officinalis غم/لتر) على التوالی. ومتوسط الجرعة الممیتة لمستخلص المرمیة
21.3 و 2.2 غم/لتر) على التوالی. الدراسة لاحظت ان مستخلصات المرمیة کانت اقل تأثیرا من کبریتات النحاس. النتائج )
برھنت ان سمیة المستخلصات تعتمد على الجرعة والوقت. العمل الحالی استنتج ان ھناک امکانیة لاستخدام المستخلصات
المستھدفة فی السیطرة على القوقع المضیف الوسطی للبلھارزیا الدمویة.
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