Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
542
A DIAGNOSTIC, CLASSIFICATION STUDY OF EXTERNAL
PARASITES THAT INFECT SOM TYPE OF PIGEONS IN
BASRAH
Zainab Hasan Jasim, ghazi Y.Alemarah, Nadia k. Thamer
Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine,/University of Basarah.
Basrah. Iraq.
Keywords:Streptopliadecaocto. Columbia livia .ectoparasite
ABSTRACT
This study is conducted on two types of pigeons, wild pigeons (Columbia livia) and
(streptopliadecaocto). A total of(201) birds were examined for ectoparasits,included
(143) Streptopliadecaoctoand (58)Columba livia. It was found that (37) birds were
infected with more than one type of lice. The percentage of infection inColumbia
livia(64%), the highest infection inFebruary (92%)and March (62%); Noinfection
detected in streptopliadecaocto. Four types of ectoparasiteswere isolated from
Columbia livia:
Columbicolacolumbae, Hohorstiellalata, Coloceras damicorne,
campanulotesbidentatusscopoli
campanulotesbidentatusscopoli،e
INTRODUCTION
Pigeons and doves are in the order Columbiformes and family Columbidae. There are
five subfamilies within Columbidae, 42 genera and 308 species. They are easily recognizable
and have a world-wide distribution. They live in almost all types of terrestrial habitats from
desert to dense forest and large marsh lakes areas. Pigeons and doves are stocky birds that
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
543
range from 15 to 75 cm long. Many of the seed-eating columbids are buff, grey and brown
colors, while the fruit-eaters are often more brightly colored. Many have ornamentation and
iridescent feathers on the neck, breast, back, wings and face (1).
The pigeon (Columbia livia) is one of the commonest birds kept and bredby amateurs
as ornamental birds, messenger and for meat purpose and a member of the bird family
Columbidea(dives and pigeons) (2).They are robust, resistant to disease and easy to keep
requiring only simple cage and equipment and little space and can be kept on free range.
Pigeons breed at any time of the year but peak times are spring and winter parasitic
infections cause considerable losses to wildlife in our country, the birds are under constant
stress and are prone to parasitic infections. (3).
External parasites reproduce dramatically making their eradication very difficult,
influencing poultry rearing and adding a burden of it weakening their vitality and
production capacity. (4).External parasites include many kinds of Mites, Ticks, Lice,
Mosquitoes, Fleas, Bug and Flies.
There are 12 species of chewing lice recorded from Columba liviaworldwide(5), namely three
Amblycera: BonomiellacolumbaeEmerson1957; ColpocephalumturbinatumDenny 1842;
Hohorstiellalata(Piaget 1880),and nine Ischnocera: Campanulotescompar(Burmeister 1838);
Colocerasaegypticum(Kellogg & Paine 1911); C. damicorne (Nitzsch 1866); C.
israelensis(Tendeiro1974); C. liviae(Tendeiro 1974); C. tovornikaeTendeiro 1973;
Columbicolacolumbae(Linnaeus 1758); C. tschulyschmanEichler 1942
andPhysconelloideszenaidurae(McGregor 1917).
A thorough knowledge of the pathogenic agents carried by wild type andferal populations of
pigeons is needed to understand the epidemiology of somediseases affecting domestic stocks.
Furthermore, free-living pigeon populationsmay be a threat to the poultry industry (6), especially
when themost pathogenic species of poultry lice, i.e. Menacanthusstramineus(Nitzsch1818) and
Menopongallinae(Linnaeus 1758), are known to occur on pigeons,In addition, pigeon farming is
popular inIraq, not only for the commercial sale of pigeon , homing pigeons. There is very little
recent information on how chewing lice prevalence and infestation intensity may affect the
economic importance of pigeon farming (7).
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
544
MATERIAIS AND METHODS
Total of 143 samples of Streptopliadecaocto and 58 sample of Columba Livia were collected
duringthe period started in January 2016 to June 2016. Streptopliadecaocto was collected from
BasrahGranary(silo), In Jubaila, which hunted by using network ranging opened from 1 to 1.5
cm placed on the ground and proven arm so as not to directly touch the ground, and Columba.
livia from Al- Basrah markets. Birds hunted weekly and bring to the laboratory of parasitology in
College of Veterinary Medicine.for appropriate examination and placed in special cages. The
birds were identified according (8).then, the birds first identified on the sex and age.Each sample
was examined all body part from vent. Head, neck, breast, back, and wing for the detection of
external parasites. A procedure by (9).were used Eye lens 4X, comb, brush, fine forceps with
light source .Any parasite kept in petri-dish with %70 alcohol and sent for fixation dipped in
80% the ethanol with KOHand glycerinesolution. Lice were preserved in the same solution and
mounted in Canada balsam following the technique in (10). Lice were identified based on
literature reports (8).
RESUITS
In this study no infection with ectoparasites was in streptopliadecato.the highest infection
recorded in Columba livia in February.Table (1).
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
545
Table (1): Total of examined and infected Streptopliadecaocto&Columba livia with
ectoparasite.
Month
Total
Exam.
Total
infected
NO.Streptoii
adecaocto
infected
NO.Columbaliviainfe
cted
January 2016 39 9 0 9
February 44 10 0 10
March 27 5 0 5
April 35 8 0 8
May 32 3 0 3
Jun 24 2 0 2
Total 201 37 0 37
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
546
Table (2): Total of examined and infected male and female colmbialivia
Monthly
Study
Colmbiali
via
Total
infected
Total
Prevalence
%
♀ Prevalence
%
♂ Prevalence
%
January 11 9 81 6 67 3 33
Feb 11 10 90 6 60 4 40
March 8 5 62 4 80 1 20
April 10 8 60 4 50 4 50
May 11 3 27 3 100 0 0
Jun 7 2 28 1 50 1 50
Total 58 37 64 24 65 13 35
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
547
Columbicolacolumbae
Coloceras damicorne
Campanulotesbidentatusscopoli
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
548
Hohorstiellalata
DISCUSSION
The present investigation demonstrated that the total 4 species of ectoparasites isolated from
Columba livia during monthly study no infection by any type of ectoparasites in
Streptopliadecaoto. The reason for the the convergence infection rates between males and
females to parasites need to heat the host body to complete their life cycle .therefore ; no
significant difference between the females and males (11. 4)
The highest infection rate in the female of Columba liviathan male that is male as male fly
outside the cages while the females remain in cages caring young and it become more
susceptible to external parasites.
The ectoparasites need to heat the host body and the warming moreover these parasites is weak
cannot resist external conditions such as temperature and rainfall and other so it is always
present in the nests theses agree with(13) and(14).
The results agreed with the results of (12) where he found that the lice parasite on the Columba
liviahase very high proportions in Croatiareaching (57%)As well as (2) infection rate has
reached (100%) in the city of Chillan during examination the Columba livia.
The ratio of parasites isolated from the Columba livia in Spain is very low compared to a study
of current study Where the percentage of infection (0,05%) (15) .
This study is disagree with (16) where isolate other types of lice which differ from species
isolated in this study it might be due to the differences in geographical distribution.
Recorded of highest infection rate in the cold month this is agree with what was confirmed by
(17).and theresults have agreed to (4)isolated Columbicolacolumbae species from pigeonsin
Baghdad.
Some of isolated lice match with the species isolated and disagreed with other species, and
the reason for that is due to the difference in isolated areas, including samples size and
different types of Birds examination and Climatic conditions and months of the study .
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.15, No.3,2016
Proceeding of 5th International Scientific Conference,College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Basrah,Iraq
549
In winter the birds were gathered to overcome the cold and this overcrowding assist increase
the possibility of the infestation with ectoparasitemay be an acceptable theory.(18.16).
The fact that the birds in the cold months has less movement and remain in their
nests,therefore,the chances of infection be more in the cold months than warm months (19).
The low incidence infection moreover them nests be above the palm trees permanently as they
migrate from one area to another.
دراسھ تشخیصیھ تصنیفیھ للطفیلیات الخارجیھ التی تصیب بعض
انواع الحمام فی البصره
زینب حسن جاسم ،غازی یعقوب الاماره ،نادیھ کاظم ثامر
الخلاصھ
والحمام الطورانی (streptopliadecaocto) أجریت ھذه الدراسةعلى نوعین من الحمام وھو الحمام البری
بمجموع ( 201 ) طیرفحصت للکشف عن الطفیلیات الخارجیھ .متضمنا ( 143 )من الحمام (Columbia livia)
البری و( 58 )من الحمام الطورانی ، حیث وجدأن ( 37 ) طیرامصاب باکثر من نوع من انواع القمل ،وبلغت
٪64 ) ولم تسجل ای اصابھ بالطفیلیات الخارجیھ )Columbia livia نسبةالإصابة الکلیھ فی
وسجلت اعلى نسبھ اصابھ فی شھری شباط واذار بنسبھ 92 %و 62 %على التوالی ، streptopliadecaocto فی
وقد تم عزلأربعة أنواع من الطفیلیات الخارجیة:
Columbicolacolumbae،Hohorstiellalata, Coloceras damicorn
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