Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq
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SURVEY OF FISH DISEASES IN RANYA (RAPARIN ADMINISTRATION)/
SULAIMANIYA GOVERNORATE; CASE STUDY
Nasreen Mohi Alddin Abdulrahman* , Adel Jabbar Hussein**, Sulaiman Salah Sulaiman*
Brwa Abbdulla Rasul***
*College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniya, Iraq
**College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basrah,/Basrah , Iraq
***Raparin Administration,/ Ministry of Agriculture, Sulaimaniya , Iraq
Key words: Cyprinidae, , Fungal Diseases, Bacterial Disease
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This study tends to survey of common problems and diseases of fish aquaculture projects at
Raparin administration area which have 76 projects, three species of Cyprinidae, common carp, grass
carp, silver carp, in earthen and concrete ponds. By achieve the history of the disease outbreaks and
understanding management strategies which applied by farmers, on this bases the collection of samples
from different cases at different regions of Raparin area, clinical examinations done. The results of this
study indicate the blow diseases and problems of fish aquaculture projects. Bacterial infections,
hemorrhagic septicemia, Bacterial enteritis, Infectious dropsy, skin ulceration. Fungal infections,
Saprolegniosis, epizootic ulcerative syndrome. Parasitic infections, Gyrodyctylus infection,
Ductylogyrus infection, Argulosis. Bad management represented by poor nutrition, low applying
oxygen, and bad water quality.
INTRODUCTION
Over the past three decades, aquaculture has grown more rapidly than any other food
production sector and has continued to expand.Significant social and economic advantages were given,
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq
33
recorded and felt. It is clear that the bulk of the fish expected in the coming decades to feed the world
will come from aquaculture. It is also time to compare "nutrition protection" to "food safety.”
Aquaculture, a system of aquatic farming, provides tremendous possibilities tokeep people safe and to
drive them out of poverty (1).
Marked productivity gains are possible, as are methods that can help to buffer seasonal swings i
n dietary diversity and revenue. Community participation and education in nutrition, along with improv
ed efficiency and revenue, open new doors to reducing nutrition (1). In our entire country, we have
water supplies, including rivers such as the Tigris, the Great Zab, the Little Zab, the Khabur, the
Sirwan, and the Awa Sipi, as well as rainfall and groundwater, including natural springs. Of our main
rivers, nearly 60% of the flow originates in our country included Kurdistan Region. We do not have
appropriate estimates of our groundwater supplies ,however. In fact, we do not have a complete
analysis of our water resources, so we face a very high risk of our water supplies being mismanaged
and our groundwater supplies being exhausted in particular (2).
Before 1991, the city of Sulaimani had four fish farms that produced common carp, after that, it
has about 75 farms in which 7 of them are cages and the other forms are the earthen ponds, all ponds
produce common carp except three of them (Sangasar, Penjwen, Bare and Halabja) that produce trout
fish, which has recently being brought up in Kurdistan fish farming since 2006, reaches 386 projects till
2017 (3). The main types of fish available in the fish farms of Iraq are common carp (Cyprinus carpio )
, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), with a special
fish farm which includes local fish species such as Mesopotamichthys sharpeyi, Luciobarbus
xanthopterus, and Arabibarbus grypus (3).
Fish diseases are responsible for heavy mortalities in fish, and the signs of the diseases may
include surface blood spots (i.e. hemorrhage, ulceration, abscesses, blisters/boils) and internally, there
may be hemorrhage, digestive tract full of liquid (gastroenteritis) swollen kidney and liver
(4).Infectious diseases are the main cause of economic losses in aquaculture industry which is
negatively impacted by various pathogenic organisms (5).The aims of this study are studying the gross
changes according to the cases obtained, the frequency rate of diseases in common carp fish (C. carpio)
ponds in Raniya.
Aquaculture activity in the north region of Iraq started in 1960 with common carp on Dokan
and Darbandikhan dam (6). In 1999 when the Food and Agriculture Organization established two
projects for fish; one was in Erbil and the other in Sulaimaniya, and the development of a hatchery for
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq
34
the artificial reproduction of common carp (C. carpio), silver carp (H. molitrix) and grass carp (C.
idellus) (7). The capacity of each hatchery is approximately 20 million larvae per season, and two small
feed mills with a capacity of 4-5 tons per hour are open. For demonstration and training, the project has
a number of model fish ponds (6).
(8) emerged that a bacterial infection was the main causative agent of skin ulceration, and the
main bacterial species were 9 species isolated from skin, liver and kidney lesions, and the following
bacteria (Pseudomonas spp, Citrobacter freundii, C. amalonaticus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Yarsina
krestensia, Serratia odorifera, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris and Edwardsiella tarda). All 9
bacterial species were isolated from skin lesions, and all 9 bacterial species were isolated from the
liver, with the exception of C. amalonaticus, although only 6 bacterial species were isolated from the
kidneys that were (Pseudomonas spp., C. freundii, C. amalonaticus, Y. krestensia, E. aerogenes and E.
tarda)
As for the availability of just a few papers scattered here and there on fungi and fungal-like
species infecting fish in the province of Basrah. Fish mycology in Basrah province can be said to be
overlooked as compared to fish parasitology in the same province, where a total of 333 parasites are
found, species are so far known from previous checklists of different fish parasite groups achieved on
the same province (9; 10). According to (11) the parasites species affected C. carpio Ciliophora,
Myxozoa, Monogenea, Cestoda, Nematoda, and some Arthropoda.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Description of studied area Ranya (Raparin Administration):
The lakelet of Ranya is a part of Little Zap River which is located east of Ranya district (8.49km) and
western north of Sulaimaniya governorate (83.97km) on 36°11’58.2°N 44°56’50.7°E. Ranya is
surrounded by three mountain, the Kewarash at the northern, the Asos at eastern the Hajila at western
and Dukan Lake at southern. Ranya with Pshdar Zone (Include Qaladze district with Sangasar,
Zharawa, Esewa, Hero,Halsho Sub-Districts), at its east Bitwen zone (Include Chwarqurna, Hajiawa
Sub-Districts) at south western Betwata zone (Include Saruchawa Sub-District with Khoshnawaty
valley) at northern west are called Raparin administration, it area cover about 2214 km² and it
perimeter 308 Km, it has international boundary with Iran at east of Qaladze district its 55Km far from
Ranya central. However Raparin zone has best agriculture land and touristic places it has also many
Orchard at mountain and valley, Rivers, lake, dyke, Brooks, watersheds (12).
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq
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The depth of water can be measured by the height of a hill in the region built on the high area
between 1956-1958 and its height of 36 m. Recently this hill was sunken and it’s called Basmusian.
Yearly or seasonally the depth of water fluctuates, most times it covers the hill completely, so it can be
said that the depth of water at least is 36m, the water of region such as Qaladza, Zharawa, Sultanade
stream, Shahidan, Garfen, and others pour into water Ranya lakelet, as a result the average of water
flow is in a year 222.2 m3/second and yearly income is about 7 milliard m3, so it’s composed about
17% of Tigris River. In addition domestic sewage and waste water of different region such as Qaladza,
Zharawa, Sangasar and others pour into the Ranya lakelet. There is no reference which it’s refer to the
width of area due to inconstant and water flow in each season (13, 14).
Fish sampling
Clinical (Gross) Examination: The fish were clinically evaluated according to the methods described
by (Noga, 2010) at the fish pond immediately. Attention to fish behavior in feeding, swimming and
growing, changes in color, respiratory manifestations and external lesions must be taken in
consideration.
Farmer’s perception: To understand the past of disease outbreaks and management techniques
implemented by farmers, semi-structured interviews were conducted. The content of the interview
included the ability of farmers to diagnose or analyze disease conditions at aquaculture farms. In order
to determine the incidence of outbreaks, the number of deaths and the total number of diseased fish,
farm records were reviewed.
Collection of samples and preparation: Different cases of carp fish have been reported in different
ponds with signs of disease from different regions of the province of Ranya / Sulaimani.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the information obtained from the directory of Agriculture and veterinary in Ranya
the following illustrated the situation of fish culture and diseases in general as explained in table (1).
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq
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Table1: The information in fish projects at Ranya Raparin administration
Parameters Value
Numberof fish projects 76
Number of fish ponds 240
Total area of each basin pond (m2) 2500 - 5000
Depth of the ponds (m) between (1- 2)
Number of fish stock in ponds Between (1500 -2000) fish
Species of Cyprinidae
% 96 common carp
% 2.5 grass carp
% 1.5 silver carp
Water resources of fish farms in this area
% 95 water of lakes and rivers
% 5 water of well
Source of fish fingerlings
% 7 - % 10 from Qaladze
% 20 - % 30 from Taq taq
% 6 - % 70 from Hilla
Type of fish farms
% 99 earthen ponds
% 1 concrete
According to the data in table (2) based on farmers interview the most repeatable problems was
the bad management then the diseases pathogens such as Fungal and Parasitic infection followed by the
feeding problem overfeeding or bad diets and finally the Bacterial infection.
Table 2: The most repeatable problems at Raparin administration fish farms
Problems Percent
Bad management % 60
Fungal infection % 20
Parasitic infection % 10
Stress or over feeding % 5
Bacterial infection % 5
In order to show the problems they faced during the fish growing period in the pond, all farmers
were asked to make a ranking, as seen in table 3.Bad water quality (35.35 percent) was the biggest
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq
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concern, followed by illnesses (31.1 percent), poor quality seeds / fingerlings were ranked third and too
little water was ranked fourth. Feed, theft and predation availability figured in the fifth, sixth and
seventh rankings. Half of the farmers said that they were able to choose fingerlings (49%), while the
other half (47%) must take what is available. In the question about the physical condition of the
fingerlings, the same trend was noted: 50 percent of farmers said the fingerlings were stable, while the
rest (46 percent) did not know.
Table 3. Problems faced by farmers.
Conditions %
Poor Water Quality 35.35
Diseases 31.1
Low Quality seed/ fingerlings 18.14
Too little Water 5.22
Feed availability 6.2
Predation 2.88
Theft 1.11
n = total number of farmers surveyed. (n = 240)
Of the 240 farmers interviewed, 29.16% indicated that in the last five years they had
encountered disease problems, 12.5% had problems in the last six months, and 5.2% had problems in
the last three months.The majority of owners said they had issues with sickness, but they were unable
to recall when. Most of the farmers said that 'some' of the fish died as a result of disease problems.Just
three farmers reported that "all" of the fish died, one of the owners of the fish farm said that his farm
was totally destroyed by illness and two farmers reported that their farms were partially damaged.
The outbreak of the disease has lowered the rate of fish consumption in a few areas under
investigation. Consequently, the trade in fish was badly affected as well.The traders did not allow such
fish for sale because of market resistance. Few farmers said they cooked the infected fish for their
family's nutrition because of the low price in the fish market, but the majority of farmers buried the
disease-affected fish. The effect of the disease on the households of fishermen is shown in Table 4.
Table 4: Impact of fish diseases problems.
Reply Positive % Negative % No comment %
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq
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Disease affected fish price is low at market 54.67 25.76 19.57
Your household income is reduced 45.76 47.34 6.9
Your debt is increased 47.21 41.83 10.96
Eat the affected fish 25.73 42.76 31.51
Farmers were asked to observe the disease in every single season or entirely during the growing
cycle. Most of the illnesses occurred immediately after stocking, according to the farmers, and
accompanied by cold seasons during the post rainy seasons. Some farmers said they had seen some
signs of disease before harvesting; few farmers said they saw after flood and draught.
Farmers have been questioned about their capacity to detect illnesses. Twenty-three percent of farmers
said that certain diseases could be detected, while 15.62 percent said that no diseases could be
recognized one said that all or most illnesses could be recognized by him or her. The ability to detect
illness was dependent on a variety of variables; death, irregular swimming and feeding activity,
abnormal appearance, and some localized lesions and decreased growth were the most commonly cited.
Table 5 lists the most common issues mentioned. It did not appear that the disease caused enormous
losses; most farmers (51.98 percent) recorded that only a few fish died, but 22.41 percent reported that
most of the fish died. Since mortality losses have been calculated, it is not possible to estimate output
losses due to reduced growth.
Table 5: Problems reported by the farmers during production season
Diseases signs Frequency observed by farmers
Fish gasping 5
Swollen belly 4
White discoloration 6
Red spot 8
Tail and fin rot 12
Gill rot 16
Loss of mucus 8
Parasitic infection 3
The most common response to illness, according to the farmers' study, was the use of chemicals
(18.3%) or lime (0.65%); antibiotics were used by 20.76% of farmers.21.76% of farmers, however,
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq
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changed water, 6.36% eliminated fish, and 2.54% stopped feeding. Treatments earned by farmers have
been shown in Table 6. Cocktail recipe, i.e. lime and potassium permanganate together, lime and salt,
lime salt and potash together were applied by the majority of farmers. The second most common
procedure has been the application of liming.
Table 6: Antibiotic/ chemicals added by farmers
Strategies % of farmers adopted
Change the water 21.76
Add lime in to the ponds 0.65
Add antibiotics into the ponds 20.76
Add chemicals into the ponds 18.3
Copper sulphate 16.3
Put formalin in to the ponds 13.33
Remove the fish from the ponds 6.36
Stop feeding 2.54
There are very diverse problems relating to the quality of water in aquaculture systems. To
maintain the optimal conditions of cultivation needed for fish health, a careful balance of nutrients and
other factors is important. These variables include, among many others, temperature, salinity, pH,
hardness and the equilibrium between nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus.Some farmers said that they
were not given safe seeds by the seed traders, so the mortality rate is high and the production rate is
very low and they lose money every year.
Water quality criteria are rarely tested by farmers and they never justify their pond being
acceptable for fish cultivation. While the production failed, all of them reported that the quality of the
seed / fingerlings was poor, but they did not worry about the quality of their culture pond water, which
was crucial for aquaculture.This study finds a number of freshwater aquaculture diseases in Raniya.
Gill rot, accompanied by tail and fin rot, parasitic (Lernae and Argulosis), black discoloration, red blot,
and swollen belly, were the most prevalent disease.
The fish farmers of the region under investigation recorded that, after heavy rainfall and at low
temperatures in the winter season, the signs of fungal infection and lice were generally seen and caused
fish mortality. The most familiar disease problem identified by farmers was tail and fin rot.The typical
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq
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signs of the disease are the rotting of the infected fish's tail and, very often, of the fins. However,
several factors such as poorly controlled, excessive stress, sudden rise in temperature and hardness and
low water pH may develop the disease, most diseases typically occurred during the seasons that have
variable temperatures such as spring and autumn, as shown in table (7).
Table 7: Diseases occurrence according to season and project’s position
Type of diseases Season Project's position
Fungal infections Winter + Spring + Autumn All projects
Bacterial infections Autumn All projects
Bacterial and Fungal infections Spring + Autumn
Saruchawa + Zharawa + Qaladze +
HajeAwa + Xdran
Dropsy Spring Zharawa
Lernaea Spring + Autumn Zharawa + Qaladze
Lice Winter + Autumn Zharawa
Protozoa infections Spring All projects
Blood parasites Spring + Autumn Zharawa + Saruchawa
Blood poisoning Autumn Zharawa + Saruchawa + Sangasar
Feed poisoning Spring All projects
Vitamins deficiency Autumn All projects
The parasitic disease was also documented by farmers and the current study found that carp fish
were widely infected by Lernaea and Argulus. The parasite normally functions either as a pathogen or
as a disease vector.Farmers have confirmed in the current investigation that they have found a red spot
on their trout. The appearance of a red patch at the base of the dorsal fins and over the skin is a sign of
this disease.
Most fish farmers do not have sufficient knowledge of fish health management methods, and
losses continue to occur. The capacity of fish farmers, extension officers and policy makers to manage
disease and parasite outbreaks needs to be developed to realize this level of production. The majority of
fish farmers have been unable to detect and control fish diseases and parasites occurring in or near their
farms.
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
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Depending our results the higher occurrence of hemorrhagic septicemia and bacterial enteritis
or other parasitic diseases of cultured carp fish may be due to the limited or unsuitable environment
conditions and bad management, No optimum water quality parameters, including temperatures, pH,
ammonia, nitrate levels, overcrowding, very high or very low temperature overfeeding and organic
contamination, have been maintained.
Anchor worm ( Lernaea) infect fresh water fish is thriving at summer months, anchor worms
were high in common carp than other species may be due to the high percentage of common carp in the
local fish farms, as well as the high total percentage of lernaeal infestation may be is due to parasite is
highly contagious or fish farms are endemic, anchor worm easy to find, because it doesn't move around
on the body of the fish once it's attached unlike fish lice were low because lice difficult to find and can
be found anywhere on the body of the fish or due to speed movement of carp, this explain the
differences in the infection ratio of lice compared with high rate of anchor worms.
Present study may revealed a problems facing carp fish cultivation due to diversity of parasitic
and bacterial diseases, it’s difficult to made a solutions at recent situation because of a huge movement
of fish without control and uncontrolled fish markets or farms that take place in fish industry,
improving water quality and disinfection bottom of the pond after each harvesting, proper identification
of problem, and correct therapy for treatable infections/ infestations dramatically may improve the
health and productivity of fish farms.
Infected common carp fish in ponds were usually calm (quiet) during this study, and they also
had lethargy, lack of appetite , weight loss, and irregular activity floating on the surface of the water,
and often they did not respond to external stimuli. Also gross lesions of the infection of common carp
fish in this study showed that, easily detached scales, presence of many reddish color spots which
reveal presence of superficial skin hemorrhage as shown in (Fig 2 and 3 ) and later causes sloughing off
the scales and a large detachment of the skin on the fish's body, erosion on the operculum, bilateral
exophthalmia, also skin erosions and cutaneous grayish patches are primarily induced by the release of
powerful bacterial proteolytic enzymes that lead to electrolyte and protein loss together with disturbed
circulation (15) Similar results were reported by (5) and (16).
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq
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Figure 1: Lesions on common carp skin
Figure 2:Hemorrhages on fish skin
a b c d
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding o
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq
Figure 3 : Lernaea
Figure 4: Protozoa infections (a): on fish caudal fin, (b) on fish head (mouth and eye).
a
of the 17th International
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infections; (a, b, c) larvae of Lernaea, (d) adult of Lernaea
: b
f Conference. College of
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq
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Figure 5: Fish lice Argulus
Figure 6: Fish dropsy (a,b,c three different view of dropsy; d fluidly abdominal cavity)
The most infection occurred in common carp in Ranya was the gill infections as showed in fig(
8), any changes in water quality and the being of any pathogens may reflected directly on fish gills
such as low Dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia increase, ; low quality of diet making fish searching for
feed in ponds bottom making the gill muddy.
a
c d
b
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq
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Figure 7: Gill infections (a: gill rot; b: ammonia increase; c: Alkalinity; d: low Dissolved oxygen; e:
muddy gill; f: low pH; g: gill protozoa; h: gill necrosis
a b c
d
g
e f
h
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq
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Figure 8: Chemical Poisoning
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