Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq.
163
EFFECT OF RAW LENTIL SEED MEAL IN COMMON CARP Cyprinus
Carpio L. DIETS AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF FISH MEAL
PROTEIN
Nasreen Mohialddin Abdulrahman* , Zaweta Sharif Abdulla**
*Anatomy and Histopathology Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of
Sulaimani, Sulaimaniya, Iraq.
**College of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimaniya, Iraq.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Keywords: Biological parameters, Cyprinus carpio, growth, feed utilization, fish meal raw
Lentil seed.
ABSTRACT
This experiment has been performed to assess the effect of partial substitution of fishmeal
with lentil seeds in common carp growth performance, feed utilization and certain biological
parameters (Fulton condition, Hepatic somatic index, Gills somatic index, Kidney somatic index,
Spleen somatic index, Intestine Length index, Intestine weight index). Fish from a private fish
farm were acquired in province of Sulaimaniyah, Iraq. Average fish weight ranged from 95-99
gm. Fish were divided into 5 treatment groups. The treatments were: T1: In fish diet 0% lentil
seed was replaced with fishmeal, T2: In fish diet 5% lentil seed was replaced with fishmeal, T3:
10% lentil seed was replaced with fishmeal, T4: 15% lentil seed was replaced with fishmeal, T5:
20% lentil seed was replaced with fishmeal. There had been significant differences in weight
gain, daily, relative, and specific growth rate as lentil seed replaced with fishmeal in fish diet.
Feed Efficiency Ratio, Protein Efficiency Ratio and Fat Efficiency Ratio was significantly higher
in T5 group than that of the other treated groups. No significant differences in the mean values of
Hepatosomatic index, Spleensomatic index and Kidneysomatic index were detected. Significant
difference in the mean value of Condition Factor was found among treatment groups. Intestinelength
index was significant among treatment groups according to fish weight while mean value
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq.
164
showed non-significant cording to fish length. The performance and general health of the
common carp were significantly improved by raw lentil seed. Due to their low price in
comparison to fishmeal and commercially available in all markets, it is suggested to substitute
the fishmeal with raw lentil seed in commercial fish diet.
INTRODUCTION
With an average growth rate of 5.8 percent during the period 2001-2016, Aquaculture
continues to develop more rapidly than the other major sectors of food production. Aquaculture
produces 53 per cent of the fish for human consumption for the first time. In 2018, aquaculture
accounted for 96.5 percent of the combined total of wild-collected and cultivated aquatic plants
of 31.2 million tons(1).
The average annual increase in global fish intake since 1961 (3.2 percent) has outpaced
population growth (1.6 percent) and exceeded that of all terrestrial animals' meat consumption,
such as; combined (2.8 percent) and separately (bovine, ovine, pig, other), with the exception of
poultry (4.9 percent). Consumption of food fish grew from 9.0 kg in 1961 to 20.2 kg in 2015, at
an annual average rate of about 1.5 percent in 2016 and 2017, with estimated estimates
suggesting additional increases of approximately 20.3 and 20.5 kg respectively1. The increase in
consumption was motivated not only by increased production, but also by a combination of
many other factors, including decreased waste, better usage, enhanced distribution networks and
higher demand, related to population growth, higher incomes and urbanization(1).
Fisheries and fish products worldwide have an average of just about 34 calories per capita
per day. However, the dietary contribution of fish is more significant than as an energy source, in
terms of high quality, easily digested animal proteins and, in particular, in the battle against
micronutrient deficiencies. A 150 g fish segment contains between 50-60 percent of the daily
protein intake of an adult1.
The lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) is a well-known lens-shaped grain legume that is a
nutritious meal. It usually grows 20-45 cm tall as an annual bushy leguminous plant and
develops many small purse-shaped pods, each containing 1-2 seeds, rich sources of protein,
minerals (K, P, Fe, Zn), and dietary vitamins in humans are lentil seeds, the consumption of
wheat or rice also provides a balance of essential amino acids for human nutrition due to its high
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq.
165
content of lysine and tryptophan2. Lentil plays a significant role in improving the welfare of
humans, livestock and soils, which has a special place in the systems of cereal crops. (3, 4).
The project aimed to examine the use of lentil seed powder in realistic diets for common
carp production as a partial replacement for fishmeal protein, some biological parameters related
to common carp health aspects. To find alternative sources of protein in the fish diet, particularly
common carp as it is the main rearing fish in Iraq and Kurdistan, we used raw lentil as a source
of protein as a substitute for fishmeal due to its high cost and low local market availability.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experimental Fishes: The experiment was performed from 7/9/2019 to 7/1/2020 at the Fish
Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Iraq. This study
employed a total of 165 common carps. The fish were bought from a private fish farm in
Peramagrun, Sulaimaniya province, Iraq. Average weight of the fish varied from 95 to 99 gm.
Approximately 27 days before the actual feeding experiment, the fish acclimatized in the
laboratory and were fed commercial pellets (their chemical composition as shown in Table 1).
The experiment lasted for eighty-four days.
Experimental design: Fifteen plastic tanks (water 70 L) were used in this trial. For continuous
aeration, the Chinese air compressors (Hailea ACO-318) were used. The replicates were selected
at random to reduce differences between treatment groups. During the siphoning process
remaining feeds and feces were removed daily. The experiment used a completely randomized
design consisting of five treatment groups and three replicates with eleven fish per replicate.
Treatments were as follows:
T1 group: In fish diet 0% lentil seed was replaced with fishmeal,
T2 group: 5% lentil seed was replaced with fishmeal,
T3 group: 10% lentil seed was replaced with fishmeal,
T4 group: 15% lentil seed was replaced with fishmeal,
T5 group: 20% lentil seed was replaced with fishmeal.
Table 1: Structural formula of the various ingredients in the diet of fish according to (5).
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
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166
Ingredients T1 (100/0) T2 (95/5) T3 (90/10) T4 (85/15) T5 (80/20)
Soya 35 36 37 36 36
Corn 13 12 15 12 15
Barley 15 17 16 17 12
Wheat 20 18 15 18 20
Fish meal 15 14.3 13.5 12.8 12
Lentil 0 0.75 1.5 2.25 3
Vit + min 2 2 2 2 2
Total 100 100 100 100 100
Crude protein (%) 28.46 28.63 28.83 28.30 28.21
Crude fat (%) 3.29 3.30 3.38 3.30 3.30
Diet Formulation: Experimental diets contained traditional ingredients, enriched by lentil
amounts, found in the Sulaimani city markets. The five different diets each contain the desired
amount of lentils as defined in the experimental design. Kenwood Multi-processors processed
the pellet and it was dried for 4 days at room temperature and then crushed to obtain fine
particles. Feed was provided regularly with 2% of body weight twice a day at 9:00 a.m. and 2
p.m. Fishes were weight bimonthly at each tank. Then, the feeding levels were recalculated
based on the new weights. The feeding trial was lasted for 12 weeks.
Growth and Feed Utilization Parameters: Fishes were weighed (gm) every 2 weeks for all
replicates. The feed consumption was then re-adjusted for each replicate.
Weight gain and daily weight gain were calculated using the following equations:
Weight gain (gm/fish) = W2–W1
where W1: Fish weight (gm) at the beginning of the experimental period and W2: Fish weight
(gm) at the end of the experimental period.
Daily weight gain (DWG) (gm/day) = Weight gain/ Experimental period, = W2–W1/ T
where T: time between W2 and W1 (84 days).
Relative growth rate was calculated according to the method described by (6).
Relative growth rate (RGR %) = Weight gain/Initial weight x 100 = W2–W1/ W1 x 100
Specific growth rate was calculated according to the method described by (7).
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq.
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Specific growth rate (SGR) % = (Ln final body weight–Ln initial body weight)/ experimental
period) x 100 = ((Ln W2–Ln W1)/ T) x 100
Feed conversion ratio was calculated as previously described by (8).
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) = Total feed fed (gm)/ Total wet weight gain (g) according to
Feed efficiency ratio was calculated as previously described by (7).
Feed efficiency ratio (FER) = Total weight gain (gm)/ Total feed fed (gm)
Protein efficiency ratio was calculated as previously described by (8)
Protein efficiency ratio (PER) = Total wet weight gain (gm/fish)/ Amount of protein fed
(gm/fish).
Biological indices: Five fish were randomly selected from each tank at the end of the
experimental period and anaesthetized with clove powder (9). Weight and length of the each fish
were determined after that. Fish were dissected, and then liver, spleen, gills, viscera, kidney and
intestine were weighed. The organs-somatic indices of fish were calculated as follows:
Fulton condition (K) factor = 100 (fish weight; gm) / (fish length; cm) .
Hepatic somatic index (HSI, %) = 100 (liver weight (gm) / fish weight (gm).
Gills somatic index (GSI, %) = 100 (gills weight (gm) / fish weight (gm).
Kidney somatic index (KSI, %) = 100 (kidney weight (gm) / fish weight (gm).
Spleen somatic index (SSI, %) = 100 (spleen weight (gm) / fish weight (gm).
Intestine Length index (ISI, %) = 100 (Intestine length (gm) / fish weight (gm).
Intestine weight index (IWI, %) = 100 (Intestine weight (gm) / fish weight (gm).
Statistical Analysis: All data generated were subjected to one-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA), with the help of the General Linear Model procedure of XLSTAT, 2016
Version.02.28451. The Duncan multiple range test compared the variations between the means
of treatment. Differences were considered significant at P<0.05.
RESULTS
Significant variations in weight gain, daily, relative and real growth rates were observed for fish
meal replacement lentils in the fish diet, as shown in Table 2.
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
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Table 2: Effect of five levels of lentil partial replacement with fishmeal on growth performance
of C. carpio.
Treatments Initial weight
Weight
Gain
Daily
growth rate
Relative
growth rate
Specific
growth rate
T1 Control
98.472a ±
4.17
42.801b ±
0.65
3.567b ± 0.06
43.613 b ±
1.28
212.595b ±
1.90
T2
5% Lentil
99.913a ±
3.66
50.480b ±
2.74
4.207b ± 0.23
50.849b ±
0.30
215.341ab ±
4.47
T3
10% Lentil
99.349a ±
1.25
43.288b ±
3.54
3.607b ± 0.30
43.497b ±
1.46
212.997b ±
3.02
T4
15% Lentil
98.679a ±
2.27
47.829b ±
2.05
3.986b ± 0.18
48.426 b ±
1.28
214.174ab ±
1.01
T5
20% Lentil
98.968a ±
3.48
60.824a ±
3.12
5.069a ± 0.26
61.459a ±
1.65
217.918a ±
2.24
At P<0.05, separate letters in one column reflect significant variations.
Feed Efficiency Ratio was significantly higher in T5 group, while, FCR was significant
higher in the control group. In all treatment classes, no significant variations were found in
protein and fat ratio, the mean values were significantly higher in the T5 group for PER and FER
(Table 3).
Table 3: Effect of five levels of lentil partial replacement with fishmeal on feed utilization of C.
carpio.
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq.
169
Treatments FCR FER Diet Protein
Protein
Efficiency
Ratio
Diet fat
Fat
Efficiency
Ratio
T1 Control 4.237a± 0.08 0.236c ±0.01
28.460a
±0.00
1.504b
±0.03
3.290a
±0.00
13.009b
±0.19
T2
5% Lentil
3.755bc±0.12 0.268b ±0.02
28.630a
±0.00
1.763b
±0.09
3.300a
±0.00
15.297b
±0.89
T3
10% Lentil
4.096ab±0.19 0.245bc±0.02
28.830a
±0.00
1.501b
±0.13
3.380a
±0.00
12.807b
±1.05
T4
15% Lentil
3.648c ±0.05 0.274b ±0.01
28.300a
±0.00
1.690b
±0.08
3.300a±
0.00
14.494b
±0.62
T5
20% Lentil
3.067d ±0.11 0.327a ±0.02
28.210a
±0.00
2.156a
±0.12
3.300a
±0.00
18.432a
±0.95
At P<0.05, separate letters in one column reflect significant variations.
Any of the biological parameters, such as the Hepatosomatic Index, Spleensomatic Index,
Kidneysomatic Index and Gill-somatic Index, have demonstrated non-significant variations.
(Table 4). The condition factor was greatly improved as compared to T4 in all treatments.
Table 4: Effect of five levels of lentil partial replacement with fishmeal on some biological
parameters of C. carpio.
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq.
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Treatments
Hepatosomatic
Index
Spleensomatic
index
Kidneysomatic
index
Gillsomatic
Index
Condition
Factor
T1 Control 1.360a ± 0.04 0.191a ± 0.01 0.432a ± 0.013 2.952a± 0.20 1.535ab± 0.06
T2
5% Lentil
1.541a ± 0.23
0.143a ±
0.007
0.372a ± 0.063 2.650a± 0.22 1.500ab± 0.06
T3
10% Lentil
1.839a ± 0.21
0.144a ±
0.015
0.368a ± 0.015 3.202a± 0.23 1.466ab± 0.02
T4
15% Lentil
1.822a ± 0.19
0.160a ±
0.008
0.416a ± 0.03
3.222a±
0.092
1.425b ± 0.09
T5
20% Lentil
1.431a ± 0.14
0.155a ±
0.017
0.427a ± 0.048 3.295a± 0.33 1.638a ± 0.07
At P<0.05, separate letters in one column reflect significant variations.
Significant differences were observed in the mean value of the Intestine-Length Index
(depending on the weight of the fish) between treatment groups as shown in Table 5, while nonsignificant
differences were observed in the Intestine-Length index (depending on the length of
the fish), but the mean value of the T4 group was numerically higher than that of the others
suggesting that the intestine was impaired by lentil feeding. Also, non-significant differences in
the mean values of the Intestine Weight Index were observed.
Table 5: Effect of five levels of lentil partial replacement with fishmeal on intestine indices of C.
carpio.
Treatments Intestine Length Index Intestine Length index Intestine Weight
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(According to fish weight) (According to fish length) Index
T1 Control 19.085ab ± 0.51 148.164a ±0.98 2.945a ± 0.08
T2
5% Lentil
15.908b ± 0.31 127.813a ± 0.618 3.168a ± 0.31
T3
10% Lentil
19.514ab ± 0.56 138.494a ± 0.56 2.870a ± 0.13
T4
15% Lentil
22.951a ± 2.51 159.242a ± 0.14 3.221a ± 0.22
T5
20% Lentil
19.934ab ± 2.09 165.580a ± 0.29 3.330a ± 0.75
At P<0.05, separate letters in one column reflect significant variations.
DISCUSSION
The feasibility of substituting fish meal with protein from plant source differs greatly
many of fish species. In rainbow trout, complete soy protein concentrate replacement(10) or
combinations of different sources of protein(11) there were no detrimental impacts on growth
and feed utilization, and in popular carp diets, fish meal replacement with commercial dry yeast
and spirulina (12-14). At the other hand, earlier studies of Mediterranean fish such as European
Sea Bass15 and Goldhead Seabream16 found that only 20-30 percent of the substitution of fish
meals was feasible.
Partial or complete substitution of fish meal with a mixture of protein from plant sources
for a 12-week development trial in juvenile dorado sea bream (corn gluten meal, wheat gluten,
extruded peas, rapeseed meal) supplemented with indispensable amino acids (IAA) was
investigated (Sparus aurata). A fish meal diet was compared to 50%, 75%, and 100% alternative
diets as the primary source of protein. Protein retention was improved with more plant protein
supply, in fish diets fed with PP50 and PP75, only a small reduction in the final weight gain was
observed. However, weight gain in the PP100 category was decreased by up to 30 percent
largely due to a substantial drop in feed consumption.
As an alternative plant protein source, the effects on the growth production and amino
acid composition of fish were analyzed by replacing fish meal with red lentil meal in juvenile
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq.
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rainbow trout diets. The maximum mean of weight gain was (30.55±0.08 g) of fish in the control
group at the end of the 60-day feeding trial (15). The crude level of whole-body / filet protein
gradually decreased with an increase in dietary replacement percentages. The results of this
analysis revealed that replacement can be combined with 15 percent of the dietary fish meal in
juvenile rainbow trout diets without any detrimental effects on growth quality and composition
of body amino acids.(16) and The outcomes of the present analysis have been accepted with it.
The present study investigated the effects on growth efficiency, feed utilization rate, and body
composition of alternative plant protein sources (lentil seeds) from dietary fish meal
substitutions. Several other studies have tested the use of sources of plant protein in rainbow
trout diets (17, 18, 19-22). However, knowledge is non-existent about the dietary replacement of
fish meal by replacement, except the study of( 23).
Numerous studies have shown that the use of soybean meal as a supplement for dietary
fish meal does not have a detrimental effect on the development of the development of cultivated
fish( 24). Some research, however, A decrease in fish diet growth production was recorded when
fish meal was supplemented by alternate sources of protein compared to soy meal replacement.
(25-27). The weight gain decreased when replacing fish meal with carinata (Brassica carinata)
meal 28. Similar findings were recorded in juvenile rainbow trout by (28-30) when the dietary
fish meal was replaced with pods and cotton seeds respectively. Consumption of feed has been
reported to decrease with increasing inclusion of rainbow trout diets from plant protein sources
(31-32).
An experiment of 12 experiments to substitute animal protein concentrate in typical carp
(Cyprinus carpio L) diets with the result of different rates of commercial dry yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and determines their effect on growth efficiency as well as
performance of feed use (feed conversion ratio, feed conversion efficiency) and feed utilization
efficiency (protein efficiency ratio and protein intake) and the survival rate of fish. The findings
showed that the mean value of the superiority of the T3 group ( P <0.05) was contrasted with the
mean value of the final weight of the T1 group and the other treatment group (P <0.05), daily
weight gain, total weight gain, food conversion efficiency, feed conversion ratio and protein
efficiency ratio. In all experimental treatment groups, the survival rate was not affected.
The pea and lentil starch can be used in diets of Nile tilapia up to 300 gm / kg without
impacting carp growth efficiency. Furthermore, as a carbohydrate source, fish fed lentil starch
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
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had relatively higher growth performance than those fed the other starch sources, although nonsignificant
difference was found(33).
(34) tested five different levels of Spirulina spp. for their influence. Algae; Spirulina spp.
0 percent (Group T2) in the control T1 group, replacing fishmeal with 5% Spirulina spp. (T3
group) replacing fishmeal with 10% Spirulina spp., (T4 group) replacing fishmeal with 15%
Spirulina spp., and (T5 group) replacing fishmeal with 20% Spirulina spp. The findings in the
third treatment group were slightly higher in weight gain, daily growth rate, specific growth rate
and relative growth rate than in the other treatment groups. Non-significant ( P<0.05) variations
were observed with respect to the food conversion ratio, while the food efficiency ratio in the
third treatment group varied substantially with respect to the protein efficiency ratio in the
second treatment group
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