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EFFECTS OF ADDING SALTOSE AS PROBIOTIC TO BROILER DIETS
ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE IN THE COMMERCIAL BREEDING
CIRCUMSTANCES
Abdulgabar Al Chekh Suliman
Animal Production Department, College of veterinary medicine, University of Hama, Hama,
Syria.
(Received 22 August 2020 , Accepted 22 September 2020)
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Keys words: Probiotic, Broiler, Diets.
ABSTRACT
Saltose is one of the biological feed additives used for controlling coccidia and clostridia in
the broiler, this study was aimed to evaluate its use on productivity and profitability in commercial
circumstances.A total of 60 thousand one day old Ross 308 chicks, were divided randomly into
two groups, each consisting of 6 replicates distributed in 3 Commercial Closed chicken Houses
that belonged to medium size company in Saudi Arabia. Each replicate contains 5,000 bird and
each house contains 4 replicants, 2 replicants of them for each group. In group A, the chicks were
fed on a commercial control diet, group B was fed on the same diet enriched with 0.5 gm Saltose
/kg feed with two stages. Data were collected weekly during the experimental period for 35 days;
broiler performance (feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR)),
mortality rate, organs weight, dressing and feed cost per kilogram weight gain were estimated.The
results showed that supplementation of Saltose to broiler diets caused a numerical improvement
(P>0.05) in the mortality, broiler performance, organs weight and dressing through 1-21 day and
22-35 day, but these improvement effects reached to significant degree (P<0.05) only with body
weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), Furthermore adding "Saltose" caused Lower
feed cost per kilogram weight gain than Control group by 7.25%. It was concluded that the use of
"saltose" as feed additives in commercial broiler diets has productive and economic benefits in
field circumstances.
INTRODUCTION
In 2006 the European Union (EU) banned the use of growth-promoting antibiotics because
of the increase in micro-organism resistance to antibiotics in both animals and humans (1).Thus,
the importance of natural biological feed additives such as (prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics) has
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increased as an alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics that work to control pathogens in the
gut and thus stimulate animal productivity (2).
Probiotics are live microbial feed supplements that affect the host animal beneficially by
altering its intestinal microbial balance (3). Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that
affect the host beneficially by selectively stimulating the growth and activity of one or a limited
number of bacteria in the colon (4). Synbiotics, on the other hand, are mixtures of probiotics and
prebiotics (5). Many researchers looked for alternatives to antibiotics that are safer for human
health, such as prebiotics, probiotics and symbiotic (6, 7). (8)reported that probiotic improved the
growth of broiler chickens and their immune responses and livability.
These days, many species of Bacillus bacteria are used as probiotic supplements in animal
diets. Bacillus species are facultative anaerobe gram-positive bacteria that have endospores (9),
also Bacillus spp. have the ability to produce different antioxidants(10), and probiotic
supplementation can help to reduce oxidative stress in broilers(11), So that(12) reported that B.
subtilis supplementation improved BW and FCR of broiler chickens during grower and finisher
periods.
There are many examples of probiotics one of them "Saltose" which is new patent
nonantibiotic biological product, composed of Cell Wall Lyaze (patent new enzyme) 3,700 U/g,
Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus 1.8 x 109 cfu/g, Enterococcus faecalis,
Enterococcus faecium 2.5 x 108 cfu/g, Protease, Lipase, Cellulase, Amylase 12,000 U/g and Beta-
Xylanase 350 U/g (13). So that has a positive effect on productive performance and minimized the
incidence of infection with Clostridium perfringens (14).
This scientific paper aims to study the effect of Saltose as a supplement in commercial
diets appropriate for the Ross 308 strain on the performance and economic determinants of
commercial Broiler flocks under conditions of intensive commercial breeding.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 60,000 one day old Ross 308 chicks, were obtained from a commercial hatchery
(Al-Khumasiyah Co., Riyadh, Saudi Arabia), were housed in three commercial closed broiler
houses in parallel experimental partitions contains automatic climate control, automatic suitable
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feed pans and nipples with stocking density 16/m2, so chicks were divided into Two groups, each
one consists of 6 replicates, 4 replicants in a house.
Continuous lighting was provided throughout the experiment which lasted for 35 day;
during brooding at one day old the ambient temperature was 35°C and gradually decreased to
reach 23°C on day 26 and then kept constant.
Chicks were divided into two groups, group A as control and group B as experimental
group but each group divided into six replicates each one contains 5,000 chicks while each
commercial chicken house contains 4 replicates. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Birds
were fed starter (0 - 21days) and Grower (21 - 35 days) commercial mash diets based on maize
and soybean meals (15), Dietary treatments were distributed randomly to each partition according
to Table1, and the Dry Matter%, Crude protein% and Crude Fat% was analyzed in an accredited
laboratory.
Table 1: The experimental groups treated with different feed additives.
Groups Treatment
Group A (control) Chicks fed on basal diet without any feed additives
Group B (test) Chicks fed on basal diet enriched with Saltose@ powder 0.5 gm/kg.
The birds were vaccinated according to the table 2 against Newcastle disease (ND),
infectious bronchitis (I.B.) and Gumboro disease (IBD).
Table2: Vaccination Program.
Age Vaccine Vaccine Type Disease Methods Place
0 Galimune 208 Oily ND + AI Subcutaneous. Hatchery
0 Vaxxitek Recombinant vaccine IBD Subcutaneous. Hatchery
0 Ma5Clone30 Live vaccine ND+IB Spray. Hatchery
14 Clone 30 Live vaccine ND D. Water. Farm
The tested substance was Saltose@ which is patent product produced by Poultry Industry
Consultant Company(13). Gosaku Bld., 1-29-2 Nishigotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0031,
Japan and distributed in Saudi Arabia by Gozl trading Est, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
All diets used were formulated to meet the nutrient requirement of the broilers according to
recommendations of (16). The diet composition and nutrient value of basal diet used were
illustrated in table 3.
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Table 3: Ingredients and nutrient composition of basal diets.Ingredients:
Starter 1-21 day Grower 21-35 day
Corn 59.06 63.46
Soybean meal 35 30.5
Soyabean oil 1.5 2
Monocalcium Phosphate 1.65 1.5
Calcium carbonate 1.55 1.4
Salt 0.25 0.25
Sodium Sulfate 0.19 0.19
Vitamin premix. 0.1 0.1
Mineral premix. 0.1 0.1
DL-methionine. 0.3 0.25
L-lysine HCl 0.23 0.18
Choline Cl 0.07 0.07
Calculated Nutrient content:
AME (Kcal/Kg) 3100 2900 3000
Crude protein % 22.2 20.3
Available phosphorus % 0.49 0.44
Calcium % 0.96 0.87
Lys (dig) % 1.23 1.08
Met (dig) % 0.61 0.54
Met + Cys (dig) % 0.91 0.82
Analyses Nutrient content:
Dry matter (DM, %) 89.4 89.7
Crude protein % 22.32 20.41
Crude fat % 4.2 4.8
Saltose was added at the starter, grower and finisher basal diets at 0.5g/kg diet.
The body weight gain BWG (gram/bird) is calculated by subtracting the live body weight at the
end of the stage minus the live body weight at the beginning of the stage.
Body weight (gram/bird) The average body weight was calculated at the beginning or the end of
stage period.
Feed intake (gram/bird) was calculated at the beginning or the end of stage period, as follow the
residual amount of feed was weighed and subtracted from the known weight of feed at the
beginning of the stage.
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Feed conversion ratio (gram feed/gram gain) was calculated at 21 day and at 35 day the end of
experiment as the amount of feed consumed per unit of body gain.
Mortality rate (%), the accumulated stage or final mortality rates were calculated by subtracting
the number of live birds at the end of the stage or experiment from the total number of birds at the
beginning of the stage or experiment and the product is multiplied by 100 to obtain the percentage
of mortality rate.
At 35 day, 20 birds from each group were selected accordi0ng to the average BW within
the group, weighted individually, and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Then, liver, gizzard, heart
was separated from the carcass. The gallbladder was separated from the liver and the content of
gizzard removed, then the liver, gizzard, heart was weighed. The organ weights were expressed as
a percentage of live BW.
Also, 10 bird from each experimental group were selected according to the average BW
within the group, weighted individually, and The birds were slaughtered in a halal manner, and the
blood, feathers and entrails were disposed of to obtain the slaughtered bird and the weight of the
slaughtered bird divided by the original weight multiplied by 100 to calculate the dressing were
expressed as a percentage of live BW.
The feed cost per kilogram weight gain, as economic indicator, was calculated for the
whole period of the experiment, as multiplying FCR by the average cost of the diets (17).
The statistical study aimed to reveal the possibility of an effect of adding "Saltose" to the
diets on Broiler performance during the experimental stages. The significant differences were
tested using the (T-Test) to study the relationship between the values of the FCR, BWG, FI and
the weights of the organs of the experimental groups, as well as The statistical program used was
the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (18) to compare and analyze the statistical results.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table No. (4) shows the average body weight gain BWG, consumed feed FI and the feed
conversion ratio FCR for birds from 1- 21 days, from 22-35 days, and 1-35 days, and it is noticed
that the increase in the average of BWG of 1-21 days and for 21-35 days for group B containing
the tested material were significantly greater (P <0.05), in addition to the fact that the rest of the
production data referred to group B were generally numerically better (P> 0.05) than group A as
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control, and this is maybe due to the consumption of group B birds the tested material, and this is
consistent with previous studies have shown that the probiotics improved broilers’ growth
performance and promoted greater populations of synbiotic microbiota in the intestine of
broilers(19, 10, 20).
Table (4): Effect of Saltose on body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio of
broilers.
Treatment
Control Saltose SEM1 P- Value
(0-3) Week
BWG (g/bird) 618 690 6.68 0.03*
FI (g/bird) 877 917 12.88 0.171
FCR (g/g) 1.42 1.33 0.218 0.423
(3-5) Week
BWG (g/bird) 840 928 7.367 0.013*
FI (g/bird) 1527 1522 26.026 0.037*
FCR (g/g) 1.818 1.641 0.0345 0.189
Whole Period
BWG (g/bird) 1458 1618 7.87 0.39
FI (g/bird) 2404 2439 28.22 0.197
FCR (g/g) 1.65 1.51 0.025 0.172
* Means in the row there are significantly different at P < 0.05.
1Standard error of means.
It is well known that gut health is a key point for animal performance due to its critical
importance on nutrient digestion, absorption and metabolism, incidence of enteric diseases, and
immune responses (21), and that was understood, because the supplementation of probiotic
(Lactobacillus bacteria) increased intestinal villus’ height and absorptive capacity in broiler
chickens that led to higher final BW of the birds (22).
(23) declared that adding dietary "Saltose" improved (P<0.05) BWG, FCR of the broilers during
whole period of rearing. However, the FI of the broilers in different experimental group was not
different (P>0.05). (24) found that Bacillus bacteria improved immune function and increased the
level of endogenous antimicrobial peptides in the gut, which led to higher growth performance.
In contrast to our results, another probiotics like (B. subtilis CH201) had no effect on birds’
growth performance traits (23), and This is in agreement with the results of (25) who reported that
dietary probiotics ( B. subtilis ) did not change BW and FCR of broiler chickens compared with
the control group.
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This may be due to the difference in the type and amount of germs studied as probiotic in
these papers compared with the "Saltose". Plus, other bio-additives within "Saltose" have a
synergistic effect that stimulates the action of these germs more, and leads to achieving their
positive significant effect and remarkable improvement. while the studied substance, as we
indicated, contains three types of Bacillus germs, and this gives greater potential for them
synergistic action, and it can enhance the effect of using the studied substance on production
efficiency.
Table No. 5 shows the mortality rate in the first week, the real mortality rate from week 2-
5, as well as the mortality rate for the whole trial. In the first week the mortality rate of group A
was 2.1% and slightly lower than group B which was 2.7%, while the actual mortality rate during
1-5 weeks in group A was 8.39% but higher than the group B which was 6.08%. It clearly appears
that the tested material " Saltose" has a positive effect reduces the mortality rate numerically, and
thus has a positive effect on the economic return from adding it.
Table (5): Effect of Saltose on the Mortality (1–35 d).
Treatment Total Mortality% First week Mortality% Actual Mortality
%
Control 10.49 2.1 8.39
Saltose 8.78 2.7 6.08
SEM1 0.735 0.14 0.736
P-Value 0.505 0.299 0.417
• There were no significant differences in the results of the T-test.
1Standard error of means.
Group B that contains Saltose has a significant effect on the productive performance of
broiler compared with control, It showed the higher final body weight, the lower feed intake,
lower feed conversion ratio and minimum mortality rate at the end of trial, this related to the
beneficial effect of (Saltose) as biological probiotic containing 3 type of beneficial bacteria
Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus 1.8 x 109 cfu/g(13) , So that achieve
positive effects on mortality by controlling gut health and this is consistent with(26, 27) who are
showed that some of Bacillus strains improved intestinal microflora and inhibited pathogenic
strains such as Campylobacter and Clostridium species in broiler chickens (26, 27).
Furthermore Saltose contains five enzymes Protease, Lipase, Cellulase, Amylase 12,000
U/g, Beta-Xylanase 350 U/g that increase palatability and digestibility of dietary nutrients and
Cell Wall Lyaze 3,700 U/g that able to control the coccidial infection so minimizing mortality rate
according to(13, 14).
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Also, “Cell Wall Lyase” which is a combination of unique new patent enzymes, which
can damage the cell wall of oocyst of parasite (such as Coccidiosis, Cryptosporidiosis) and
bacterial agents, Salmonellosis and Clostridiosis, also Saltose reduced C. perfringens colonization.
These were evaluated comprehensively by (29) .
Table No.6 shows the effect of adding saltose on the average percentages of organ weight
(Liver, Gizzard, heart and Dressing) at 35 days of age, and no significant differences (P > 0.05)
were observed between studied weight percentages of organs.However, it is noted that the relative
weights of organs in group B bird have a numerical difference, and this could be a reflection of the
achievement of the group B birds to gain a significant weight, which can be seen clearly in Table
No. 4.
Table (6): Effect of Saltose on mean percentages of organ weight (Liver, Gizzard, heart and
Dressing) at 35 days of age.
Treatment Liver% Gizzard% Heart% Dressing%
Control 2.1 1.18 0.60 72.25
Saltose 2.33 2.01 0.66 73.68
SEM1 0.016 0.013 0.009 0.248
P-Value 0.964 0.912 0.829 0.174
• There were no significant differences in the results of the T-test.
1Standard error of means.
Table No. 7 shows the effect of the experimental diets on feed cost per kilograms weight
gain. Chicks fed the basal diet supplemented with Saltose had 92.25% lower feed cost per kg
weight gain in comparison to the control group birds, despite the same level of feed energy and
feed component.
Table (7): Effect of Saltose on the feed cost per kilogram weight gain (1–35 d).
Treatment Feed cost per kg gain (RS) %
Control 1.999 100
Saltose 1.854 92.75
SEM1 0.03003 -------
P-Value 0.192 -------
• There were no significant differences in the results of the T-test.
1Standard error of means.
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ACKNOWLDGEMENTS
I especially thank High Administration, Al-Washim Poultry, for its support.I thank the Broiler
sector in AL Washim poultry, especially Dr. Diaa Ibrahim, the farm manager, and the workers in
the farm where the experiment was conducted, for their efforts in making this experiment a
success.
آثار إضافة السالتوز کبروبیوتیک إلى الخلطات العلفیة المقدمة لدجاج اللحم
على الأداء الإنتاجی فی ظروف التربیة التجاریة.
عبد الجبار الشیخ سلیمان
قسم الإنتاج الحیوانی ، کلیة الطب البیطری ، جامعة حماه ، حماه ، سوریا.
الخلاصة
سالتوز ھو أحد المضافات الحیویة المستخدمة للتحکم فی الکوکسیدیا والمطثیات فی دجاج لدجاج اللحم، وقد ھدفت ھذه
الدراسة إلى تقییم استخدامھا على الإنتاجیة والربحیة فی الظروف التجاریة.تم تقسیم ما مجموعھ ٦٠ ألف کتکوت روس یبلغ من
العمر یوم واحد، بشکل عشوائی إلى مجموعتین، کل واحدة تتکون من ٦ مکررات موزعة على ٣ بیوت دجاج مغلقة تجاریة
تابعة لشرکة متوسطة الحجم فی المملکة العربیة السعودیة. کل مکرر یحتوی على ٥٠٠٠ طائر ویحتوی کل بیت على ٤
مکررات، ٢ مکرر لکل مجموعة. فی المجموعة (أ) تم تغذیة الصیصان على خلطة علفیة تجاریة کشاھد، بینما تم تغذیة
المجموعة (ب) على نفس الخلطة العلفیة المضاف لھا ٠.٥ جم سالتوز/ لکل کجم علف على مرحلتین بادی ونامی. تم جمع
والکسب الوزنی ، (FI) البیانات أسبوعیاً خلال فترة التجربة لمدة ٣٥ یوما. تم تقدیر أداء دجاج التسمین) العلف المستھلک
ومعدل النفوق ، ووزن الأعضاء ، والتغذیة ، وتکلفة العلف لکل کیلوغرام من الوزن ، ((FCR) ومعامل تحویل العلف (BWG)
فی النفوق وأداء دجاج (P> المکتسب.أظھرت النتائج أن إضافة السالتوز إلى أعلاف دجاج اللحم قد أدى إلى تحسن عددی ( 0.05
٣٥ یوم، ولکن ھذا التأثیرات الإیجابیة وصلت إلى درجة - ٢١ یوم و ٢٢ - اللحم ووزن الأعضاء والذبیحة فی الفترتین من ١
وعلاوة على ذلک أدت إضافة السالتوز ،(FCR) ونسبة تحویل العلف (BWG) فقط مع الکسب الوزنی (P < معنویة ( 0.05
إلى انخفاض تکلفة العلف لکل کیلوغرام فی زیادة الوزن عن المجموعة الشاھد بنسبة ٧.٢٥ ٪. وقد خَلِص إلى أن استخدام
السالتوز کمضافات علفیة فی أعلاف دجاج اللحم التجاریة لھ فوائد إنتاجیة واقتصادیة فی الظروف الحقلیة.
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