Hydrodynamic Model-Based Evaluation of Sediment Transport Capacity for the Makhool-Samarra Reach of Tigris River

Nama, Ala H.; Abbas, Ali S.; Maatooq, Jaafar S.

doi:10.30684/etj.2022.135747.1282

	Hydrodynamic Model-Based Evaluation of Sediment Transport Capacity for the Makhool-Samarra Reach of Tigris River
Engineering and Technology Journal
Article 22, Volume 40, Issue 11, 2022, Pages 1573-1588 PDF (2.3 M)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.30684/etj.2022.135747.1282
Authors
Ala H. Nama^* ¹; Ali S. Abbas²; Jaafar S. Maatooq³
¹Civil Engineering/University of Technology
²Civil Engineering Department / University of Technology
³Civil Engineering Dept., University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
Abstract
This paper implemented an HEC-RAS-based steady two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to evaluate the hydraulic characteristics and Sediment Transport Capacity (STC) of the Makhool-Samarra Reach of the Tigris River, where this part is not already investigated. This model was prepared with the aid of topographical surveys, hydraulic measurements, and laboratory tests, as well as recorded data. The main findings show that the flow velocities within most of the studied reach are considered high compared to the local and worldwide flow velocity ranges in natural rivers. Also, the Toffaleti sediment transport function with the Van Rijn fall velocity and the effective depth-to-width computation methods are the most compatible and suitable methods for computing the Sediment Transport Potential (STP) in the ‎studied reach. With the maximum flow, the computed STP was less than the average (5.7×10⁶ tons/day) in 45% of the reach length, where the maximum STP is 8.7×10⁶ tons/day. However, with the minimum flow, the STP intermittently fluctuates below the average (0.2×10⁶tons/day) in 48% of the reach length, where the minimum STP is 0.14×10⁶tons/day. Generally, these STPs are little more than the Tigris River in Mosul and much higher than that in Baghdad. Also, these STPs are considered high on a global scale, especially during high flow. Medium gravel is the larger grain gradation class that can be transported. It constitutes less than 0.00005 % of the STP. Furthermore, the STC computations clearly show that the suspended sediment is the dominant part of the STC and the bed material constitutes less than 0.002% of the STC of the total load. However, most of the STC ‎concerns the clay and very fine silt.
Highlights
Flow velocities within most of the Makhool-Samaraa Reach of the Tigris River are considered high compared to the local and worldwide flow velocity ranges. Toffaleti sediment transport function with the Van Rijn fall velocity and the effective depth-to-width computation methods are the most compatible and suitable methods for computing the Sediment Transport Potential (STP) in the Makhool-Samaraa Reach of the Tigris River. The computed STPs in the Makhool-Samaraa Reach of the Tigris River are considered high on local and global scales, especially during high flow. Medium gravel is the larger grain gradation class that can be transported. However, the suspended sediment is the dominant part of the Sediment Transport Capacity (STC), with a great majority of clay and very fine silt.
Keywords
Hydrodynamic; Hydraulic aspects; Sediment transport Capacity; Tigris River; Makhool-Samarra

References
[1] G.H. Merten, M.A. Nearing, A.L. Borges, Effect of sediment load on soil detachment and deposition in rills, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 65 (2001) 861–868. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2001.653861x [2] H. Chanson, The hydraulics of open channel flow, New York, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1999. [3] S.C. Finkner, M.A. Nearing, G.R. Foster, J.E. Gilley, A Simplified Equation for Modeling Sediment Transport Capacity, Biological Systems Engineering Papers and Publications. 120 (1989) https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosysengfacpub/120 [4] N. Aziz, S. Prasad, Sediment Transport in Shallow Flows, J. Hydraul. Eng. 111 (1985). [5] I. Celik, W. Rodi, Suspended sediment‐transport capacity for open channel flow, J. Hydraul. Eng. 117 (1991). [6] C. Yang, S. Wan, Comparisons of selected bed material load formulas, J. Hydraul. Eng. 117 (1991). [7] Shu-Qing Y., Sediment transport capacity in rivers. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 42 (2005) 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2005.9641229 [8] M. Ali, G. Sterk, M. Seeger, M. Boersema, P. Peters, Effect of hydraulic parameters on sediment transport capacity in overland flow over erodible beds, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 16 (2012) 591–601. [9] N.T. McPherson, Identifying sediment transport potential and velocity profiles in the Carmel River using an ADP. Ph.D. thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, USA, 2020. [10] K. Zhang, W. Xuan, B. Yikui, X. Xiuquan, Prediction of sediment transport capacity based on slope gradients and flow discharge. PLoS ONE 16 (2021). e0256827. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256827 [11] M. S. Al-Khafaji, A. S. Abbas, R. I. Abdulridha, Effect of Floating Debris on Local Scour at Bridge Piers, Eng. Technol. J. 34 (2016) 356-367. [12] J. S. Maatooq, G. A. Kadhim, Evaluation of the Hydraulic Performance Indicators for Al- Ibrahim Irrigation Canal in the South of Iraq, Eng. Technol. J. 34 (2016) 623-635. [13] T. S. Kayyun, H. M. Hadi, Modeling of Micro Hydroelectric Power Plants Utilizing Artificial Falls (Weirs) on Reach of Tigris River-Iraq, Eng. Technol. J. 34 (2016) 2106-2122. [14] A. Molinas, B. Wu, Transport of sediment in large sand-bed rivers, Journal of hydraulic research, 39 (2001). [15] A. H. Nama, Estimating the sediment transport capacity of Tigris River within Al Mosul City, Journal of Engineering, 17 (2011) 473–485. [16] J. Kim, P.Y. Julien, U. Ji, J. Kang, Restoration modeling analysis for abandoned channels of the Mangyeong River, Journal of the Environmental Sciences, 20 (2011) 555-564. DOI: 10.5322/JES.2011.20.5.555 [17] R. Hummel, J. Duan, S. Zhang, Comparison of unsteady and quasi-unsteady flow models in simulating sediment transport in an ephemeral Arizona stream. J Am Water Resour Assoc, 48 (2012) 987–998. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2012.00663.x [18] Jayshree T., S.M. Yadav, S. Waikhom, Estimating the sediment transport capacity using HEC-RAS. Global Research Analysis, 2 (2013) 94-99. [19] S.I. Khassaf, Mohammed j.A., Modeling of sediment transport upstream of Al-Shamia Barrage. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 6 (2015) 1338-1344. [20] H. Abduljaleel, M.S. Al-Khafaji, A.H Nama, Sediment transport capacity of Tigris River within Baghdad City, Internationa Journal of Environmental and Water, 5 (2016) 97–107. [21] H.S. Mohammed, A.M.U Alturfi, M.A. Shlash, Sediment transport capacity in Euphrates River at Al-Abbasia Reach using HEC-RAS model. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9 (2018) 919-929. http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET [22] T.S. Kayyun, D.H. Dagher, Potential sediment within a reach in Tigris River. International Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 7 (2018) 22-32. DOI: 10.5923/j.ijhe.20180702.02 [23] M.H. Daham, B.S. Abed, Simulation of sediment transport in the Upper Reach of Al-Gharraf River. International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering-Iraq. OP Conf. Series: Mater. Sci. Eng. 901,2020,012012. doi:10.1088/1757-899X/901/1/012012 [24] W.A. Jassam, B. S. Abed, Assessing of the morphology and sediment transport of Diyala River, Journal of Engineering, 27 (2021) 47-63. https://doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2021.11.04 [25] V.K. Sissakian, S.F.A. Fouad, H.A. Al-Musawi, The influence of unstable slopes on the Stability of makhool dam – central Iraq, Iraqi Bulletin of Geology and Mining, 2 (2006) 31 – 44. [26] M. Al-Murib, Application of CE-QUAL-W2 on Tigris River in Iraq. Master Of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, 2014. [27] SCCCES (Swiss Consultants Consortium for Consulting Engineering Services), Study of operation of fatha dam and lake Tharthar and Optimization of Dam Height, 1985. [28] USACE (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), River Analysis System, Version 5.0.6, Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis CA 95616, (2005). [29] J.B. Fripp, P. Diplas, Surface sampling in gravel streams. J. Hydraul. Eng. X1993.119:473-490, by, ASCE (1993). [30] J.B.Laronne, I. Reid, Y. Yitshak, L.E. Frostick, The non-layering of gravel streambeds under ephemeral flood regimes. J. Hydrol. 159 ( 1994.) 353-363. [31] V.T. Chow, Open-channel hydraulics: New York, McGraw-Hill,1959. [32] C. Santhi, J.G. Arnold, J.R. Williams, W.A. Dugas, R. Srinivasan, L.M. Hauck, Validation of the SWAT model on a large river basin with point and nonpoint sources. Journal of American Water Resources Association, 37(2001) 1169-1188. [33] D. N. Moriasi, J.G. Arnold, M.W. Van Liew, R.L. Bingner, R.D. Harmel, T.L. Veith, Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE), 50 (2007) 885−900. [34] K. Kuntiyawichai, W. Sri-Amporn, C. Pruthong C. Quantifying consequences of land use and rainfall changes on maximum flood peak in the lower Nam Pong River basin. Advanced Materials Research, 931-932 (2014)791-796. doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.931-932.791 [35] P. Jiao, D. Xu, S. Wang, Y. Yu, S. Han, Improved SCS-CN method based on storage and depletion of antecedent daily precipitation. Water Resour. Manage. 29 (2015) 4753-4765. [36] H. Akay, B. Koçyiğit, A.M. Yanmaz, a case study for determination of hydrological parameters in HEC-HMS in computing direct runoff. 12th International Congress on Advances in Civil Engineering (ACE) at Istanbul,2016. [37] Nearing, M. A., Foster, G. R. & Lane, L. J. A process-based soil erosion model for USDA-water erosion prediction project technology. Trans ASAE. 32, 1587–1593 (1989). [38] T.W. Lei, M.A. Nearing, K. Haghighi, V.F. Bralts, Rill erosion and morphological evolution: A simulation model. Water Resour Res, 34 (1998), 3157–3168. [39] Z. Majeed , A.S. Abbas, I.A. Alwan, water flow simulation of Tigris River between Samara and Baghdad based on HEC-RAS model. Eng. Technol. J..39 (2021) 1882-1893. http://doi.org/10.30684/etj.v39i12.1804 [40] R. J. Zhang, J. H. Xie, W.B. Chen, River Mechanics. China: Wuhan University Press (in Chinese), 2007. [41] Y.H. Jia, Z.Y. Wang, X.M. Zheng, Y.F. Li, A study on limit velocity and its mechanism and implications for natural rivers. Int. J. Sediment Res. 31(2016) 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2015.01.002 [42] C.T Yang, Sediment Transport: Theory and Practice. McGraw-Hill, New York,1996. [43] L.C. Rijn, Principles of Sediment Transport in Rivers, Estuaries, Coastal Seas and Oceans. International Institution for Infrastructural, Hydraulic, and Environmental Engineering. Delft, Netherlands ,1993.
Statistics Article View: 373 PDF Download: 389