Impact of nutritional restriction of pregnant rabbits on thyroid function of offspring

Ghanim, Kamal Ghazi

doi:10.29079/qjvms.2020.179343

	Impact of nutritional restriction of pregnant rabbits on thyroid function of offspring
Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences
Volume 19, Issue 2, June 2020, Pages 1-9 PDF (166.11 K)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.29079/qjvms.2020.179343
Author
Kamal Ghazi Ghanim
Department of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine University Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq
Abstract
This study aims to examine the effect of maternal feed supplemented with high and low protein ratio on fetal growth thyroid functions during newborn life. Thirty pregnant females were divided into control, fed on standard diet, and two treated groups, fed on a diet supplemented with 70% (T1) and 240% (T2) of crude protein during the gestational period. Birth weight and body weight gain of newborns were recorded. Serum thyroid hormones (TT3, TT4, FT3, FT4 and TSH) concentrations of neonates were measured at birth, 7, 14, and 21 days. The results of neonate birth weight revealed significant increase of T1 group and significant decrease of T2 group compared with control. T1 group newborns showed significant decline of body weight gain during experimental periods, whereas T2 group showed no significant difference at first and second weeks and significant decrease at third week. The highest body weight, at the end of third week of the newborn life, was recorded in control group, whereas the lowest body weight was recorded in T1 group. Serum levels of TSH, TT3, FT3, TT4, and FT4 of T1 group were significantly lower among experimental groups, at all experimental periods, whereas those of T2 group were higher than that of T1 group but still lower than that of control group. In conclusion, postnatal growth in the rabbit is partly result from a relative increase in FT3 in neonate plasma at birth, also neonates are, particularly susceptible to exposure to a low-protein maternal feed during the gestational period.
Keywords
Nutritional restriction; T3; T4; Rabbits; Hyperthyroidism; Hypothyroidism

References
1. Micke GC, Sullivan TM, Kennaway DJ, Hernandez-Medrano J, Perry VEA. Maternal endocrine adaptation throughout pregnancy to nutrient manipulation: Consequences for sexually dimorphic programming of thyroid hormones and development of their progeny. Theriogenology. 2015;83:604-615.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.10.022 2. Barker DJP. Impact of diet on critical events in development. Proc Nutr Soc. 1992;51:135-44.https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS19920023 3. Hales CN, Barker DJP. Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: the thrifty phenotype hypothesis. Diabetologia. 1992;35:595-601.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00400248 4. Fowden AL. Endocrine regulation of fetal growth. Reprod Fertil Dev. 1995;7:351-63.https://doi.org/10.1071/RD9950351 5. Thrift TA, Bernal A, Lewis AW, Neuendorff DA, Willard CC, Randel RD. Effects of induced hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism on growth and reproductive performance of Brahman heifers. J Anim Sci. 1999;77:1833-43.https://doi.org/10.2527/1999.7771833x 6. Ahima RS, Flier JS. Leptin. Annu Rev Physiol. 2000;62:413-37.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.62.1.413 7. Hough RL, McCarthy FD, Kent HD, Eversole DE, Wahlberg ML. Influence of nutritional restriction during late gestation on production measures and passive immunity in beef cattle. J Anim Sci. 1990;68:2622-7.https://doi.org/10.2527/1990.6892622x 8. Heasman L, Brameld J, Mostyn A, Budge H, Dawson J, Buttery P, et al. Maternal nutrient restriction during early to mid gestation alters the relationship between insulin-like growth factor I and bodyweight at term in fetal sheep. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2000;12:345-50.https://doi.org/10.1071/RD00115 9. Bispham J, Gopalakrishnan GS, Dandrea J, Wilson V, Budge H, Keisler DH, et al. Maternal endocrine adaptation throughout pregnancy to nutritional manipulation: consequences for maternal plasma leptin and cortisol and the programming of fetal adipose tissue development. Endocrinology. 2003;144:3575-85.https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0320 10. Dwyer CM, Stickland NC. The effects of maternal undernutrition on maternal and fetal serum insulin-like growth factors, thyroid hormones and cortisol in the guinea pig. J Dev Physiol. 1992;18:303-13. 11. Forhead AJ, Li J, Gilmour RS, Dauncey MJ, Fowden AL. Thyroid hormones and the mRNA of the GH receptor and IGFs in skeletal muscle of fetal sheep. Am J Physiol. 2002;282:E80-6.https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00284.2001 12. Cassar-Malek I, Picard B, Kahl S, Hocquette JF. Relationships between thyroid status, tissue oxidative metabolism, and muscle differentiation in bovine fetuses. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2007;33:91-106.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2006.04.011 13. Clément K, Viguerie N, Diehn M, Alizadeh A, Barbe P, Thalamas C, et al. In Vivo regulation of human skeletal muscle gene expression by thyroid hormone. Genome Res. 2002;12:281-91.https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.207702 14. Ailhaud G, Grimaldi P, Négrel R. Cellular and molecular aspects of adipose tissue development. Annu Rev Nutr. 1992;12:207-33.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.12.070192.001231 15. Fraser M, Liggins GC. The effect of cortisol on thyroid hormone kinetics in the ovine fetus. J Dev Physiol. 1989;11:207-11. 16. Symonds ME, Mostyn A, Pearce S, Budge H, Stephenson T. Endocrine and nutritional regulation of fetal adipose tissue development. J Endocrinol. 2003;179:293-9.https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1790293 17. Schefler WC. Statistics for biological sciences. 2nd ed. Addison-Wesley Publ. co., Reading MA, USA. 230 p. 18. Poigner J, Szendro Zs, Levai A, Rodni I, Biro-Nemeth E. Effect of birth weight and litter size on growth and mortality in rabbits. World Rabbit Sci. 2010;8(1):17-22.https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2000.413 19. Prayaga KC, Eady SJ. Factors affecting litter size and birth weight in rabbits. Proc Adv Anim Breed Gen. 2001;14:59-62. 20. Fowden AL, Forhead AJ. Hormones as epigenetic signals in developmental programming. Exp Physiol. 2009;94:607-25.https://doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2008.046359 21. Barker DJ. The developmental origins of adult disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23:588S-595S.https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2004.10719428 22. Barker DJ, Bull AR, Osmond C, Simmonds SJ. Fetal and placental size and risk of hypertension in adult life. BMJ. 1990;301:259-62.https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.301.6746.259 23. Dandrea J, Wilson V, Gopalakrishnan G, Heasman L, Budge H, Stephenson T, Symonds ME. Maternal nutritional manipulation of placental growth and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) abundance in sheep. Reproduction. 2001;122:793-800.https://doi.org/10.1530/rep.0.1220793 24. Barker DJ, Gelow J, Thornburg K, Osmond C, Kajantie E, Eriksson JG. The early origins of chronic heart failure: impaired placental growth and initiation of insulin resistance in childhood. Eur J Heart Fail. 2010;12:819-25.https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjhf/hfq069 25. Clarke L, Heasman L, Juniper DT, Symonds ME. Maternal nutrition in early-mid gestation and placental size in sheep. Br J Nutr. 1998;79:359-64.https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19980060 26. Lumey LH. Compensatory placental growth after restricted maternal nutrition in early pregnancy. Placenta. 1998;19:105-11.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-4004(98)90105-9 27. De Blasio MJ, Gatford KL, Robinson JS, Owens JA. Placental restriction alters circulating thyroid hormone in the young lamb postnatally. Am J Physiol. 2006;291:R1016-24.https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00103.2006 28. Hulbert AJ. Thyroid hormones and their effects: a new perspective. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2000;75:519-31.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2000.tb00054.x 29. Liggins GC. The role of cortisol in preparing the fetus for birth. Reprod Fertil Dev. 1994;6:141-50.https://doi.org/10.1071/RD9940141 30. Qasem RJ, Yablonski E, Li J, Tang HM, Pontiggia L, D'Mello AP. Elucidation of thrifty features in adult rats exposed to protein restriction during gestation and lactation. Physiol Behav. 2012;105:1182-93.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.12.010 31. Micke GC, Sullivan TM, McMillen IC, Gentili S, Perry VEA. Heifer nutrient intake during early- and mid-gestation programs adult offspring adiposity and mRNA expression of growth-related genes in adipose depots. Reproduction. 2011;141:697-706.https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-10-0332 32. Bouret SG, Simerly RB. Developmental programming of hypothalamic feeding circuits. Clin Genet. 2006;70:295-301.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0004.2006.00684.x 33. Bar-Peled U, Maltz E, Bruckental I, Folman Y, Kali Y, Gacitua H, et al. Relationship between frequent milking or suckling in early lactation and milk production of high producing dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 1995;78:2726-36.https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76903-X 34. Davicco MJ, Vigouroux E, Dardillat C, Barlet JP. Thyroxine, triiodothyronine and iodide in different breeds of newborn calves. Reprod Nutr Dev. 1982;22:355-62.https://doi.org/10.1051/rnd:19820306 35. Dauncey MJ. Thyroid hormones and thermogenesis. Proc Nutr Soc. 1990;49:203-15.https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS19900024
Statistics Article View: 1,361 PDF Download: 565