Effect of flame retardants and 1% stabiliser on thermal decomposition and physics properties of thermoplastic polymer due to TGA and DTA tests

Efhema, Mastura A. Abdalshafie

doi:10.30772/qjes.2024.144148.1045

	Effect of flame retardants and 1% stabiliser on thermal decomposition and physics properties of thermoplastic polymer due to TGA and DTA tests
Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences
Article 7, Volume 17, Issue 1, March 2024, Pages 47-57 PDF (1.28 M)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.30772/qjes.2024.144148.1045
Author
Mastura A. Abdalshafie Efhema^* ¹^{, 2}
¹19 Stephen Oake Close, Manchester, M88AZ, UK
²Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Omar Al-Mukhtar University, Al-Bayda, Libya
Abstract
This work introduces seven various polymer samples blended in a twin-screw extruder with flame retardants (FR), and an additive, which is a 1% Stabiliser, to investigate thermoplastic polymer melting, thermal decomposition, and melting moderates. The reduction method is used to analyze its melting points, physics and chemical properties, and thermal decomposition. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) tests are known as thermal analysis tests. It was established that halogenated flame retardants have little effect on reducing the rate of gas escape from polymer melt which affects the viscosity, as it was found. Thus, the APP and FR245 in Polymer help in some polymer leftovers. All samples were treated with flame retardants and no clay, melted completely, at the end of the test some samples did change. All these results investigated by (the XRD) test either, Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) or Digital images have been used also applied Limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, in the previous work for the same samples of polymers to verify the results and record a more precise outcome to draw the relationship between melting and dripping behavior via the following studies due to the furnace test which is modulated and calibrated. As a result, the addition of clay together with conventional flame retardants enhances the overall thermal stability forming the polymer. The compatibles help in improving the dispersion of the clay in polymer and reduce the rate of gas escape from polymer melt affecting the viscosity.
Keywords
Materials; Polymer; Physics; Thermal; Melting

References
Beyler C. L. and Hirschler M. M. (2002) Thermal Decomposition of Polymers, The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3rd Edition (Section 1, Chapter 7), National Fire Protection Association and The Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Quincy, MA, P.J. DiNenno, D.Drysdale, C.L. Beyler, and W.D. Walton, eds., pp.110-130 Gilman, J. W. (2007). Flame retardant mechanism of polymer/clay nanocomposites. Flame retardant polymer nanocomposites:67-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.07.019 Kumar, R. Dhawan, S. K. Shukla, Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites: An Overview. Macromol. Symp. 2023, 407, 2200089. https://doi.org/10.1002/masy.202200089 Qin, H., Zhang S., Zhao C., Hu G., and Yang M. (2005). Flame retardant mechanism of polymer/clay nanocomposites based on polypropylene. Polymer 46(19):8386-8395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.07.019 Xie, W., Gao Z., Pan W.-P., Hunter D., Singh A., and Vaia R. (2001). Thermal degradation chemistry of alkyl quaternary ammonium montmorillonite. Chemistry of Materials 13(9):2979-2990. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm010305s Efhema A., Mastura (2018). Effect of Flame Retardants and 1% Stabilizer on Burning, Flammability Behaviour, and Thermal Decomposition Properties Via Polypropylene Material Treatment.; AlMukhtar Journal of Sciences 33 (2): 119-125. https://doi.org/10.54172/mjsc.v33i2.177 Efhema A., Mastura (2019). Effect of Flame Retardants and 1% Stabilizer on Burning and Melt Dripping Behaviour of Thermoplastic Polymers.; AlMukhtar Journal of Sciences 34 (4): 248-255. https://doi.org/10.54172/mjsc.v34i4.141 Efhema A., Mastura (2023). Effect of Flame Retardants and 1% Stabilizer on melting and dripping behaviour of thermoplastic polymers due to the furnace test: Part 1; Furnace modulated and calibrated. (LJBS) Special Issue for 6th International Conference for Basic Sciences and their Applications (6th CBSTA) (28)-292: 707-626. Abdalshafie A., Mastura, Applying the new dicovered factor which effects on drawing the relationship between melting and dripping behavior due to moderated Furnace. Scientex conferences, 2023, 3rd international conference on 2023; Dubai and USA. Ghazi Kadhim AlFalah, M., Saracoglu, M., Yilmazer, M. I., Kandemirli, F. (2023). 'Corrosion inhibition performance of 2- Fluorophenyl-2, 5-dithiohydrazodicarbonamide for copper in 3.5%NaCl Media: Experimental and Monte Carlo insights', Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences, 16(3), pp. 150-159. doi: 30772/qjes.2023.178995 Juergen H. Troitzsch, “Fire performance durability of flame retardants in polymers and coatings,” Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2023.05.002. Morgan, A.B. , and Wilkie, C.A. (2007) Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites, Wiley-Interscience: July 2006. DOI:10.1002/0470109033 Shen J, Liang J, Lin X, Lin H, Yu J, Wang S. The Flame-Retardant Mechanisms and Preparation of Polymer Composites and Their Potential Application in Construction Engineering. Polymers (Basel). 2021 Dec 27;14(1):82. doi: 10.3390/polym14010082. Schartel, B., Bartholmai, M. and Knoll, U. (2006), Some comments on the main fire retardancy mechanisms in polymer nanocomposites. Polym. Adv. Technol., 17: 772-777. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.792 Xie, W. Gao Z. Pan W.-P. Hunter D. Singh A. and Vaia R. (2001). Thermal degradation chemistry of alkyl quaternary ammonium montmorillonite. Chemistry of Materials 13(9):2979-2990. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm010305s Masallb, H., F. Al-Sultani, K., K. Abid Ali, A. R. (2019). 'Improving Surface Properties of Inconel 600 Alloy by Electroless Ni-P Deposition', Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences, 12(4), pp. 254-259. doi: 10.30772/qjes.v12i4.642 Sudip Ray, Ralph P. Cooney, “7 - Thermal Degradation of Polymer and Polymer Composites, Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials (Second Edition), William Andrew Publishing, 2012, Pages 213-242, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4377-3455-3.00007-9. Schartel, B. Phosphorus-based Flame Retardancy Mechanisms—Old Hat or a Starting Point for Future Development? Materials2010, 3, 4710-4745. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3104710 Butler KM. A model of melting and dripping thermoplastic objects in fire . Proceeding of the ‘Fire and Materials’ Conference. San Francisco USA, 31 Jan-2 Feb 2009. Interscience Communications Ltd: London; pp 341 – 352. Oñate E, Rossi R, Idelsohn SR, Butler KM. Melting and spread of polymers in fire with the particle finite element method. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, 2009; 81 (8): 1046-1072. Sami, N., Abdulrazzaq Abbood, M., Albaaj, A. (2022). 'Effect of ball milling on NiTi powder metallurgy alloy', Al-Qadisiyah Journal for Engineering Sciences, 15(3), pp. 208-211. doi: 10.30772/qjes.v15i3.840 F. Cullis and M. M. Hirschler,” The Combustion of Organic Polymers.” Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1981. 419 pages. Textile Research Journal. 1982;52(8):543-543. doi:10.1177/004051758205200815. Paul Joseph , Svetlana, Tretsiakova-McNally Melt-Flow Behaviours of Thermoplastic Materials under Fire Conditions: Recent Experimental Studies and Some Theoretical Approaches; 2, 2015. Karlsson L, Lundgren A, Jungqvist J, Hjertberg T., Influence of melt behaviour on the flame retardant properties of ethylene copolymers modified with calcium carbonate and silicone elastomer. Polym. Degdn.Stab. 2009; 94: 527–532. Kashiwagi, T, Omori A and Brown J. Effects of Material Characteristics on Flame Spreading. Fire Safety Science – Proceedings of the Second International Symposium, International Association of Fire Safety Sciences, Hemisphere Publishing, New York, 1989; 107 Determination of burning behaviour by oxygen index – Part 2: Amibient temperature test. 2017. https://www.iso.org/standard/60786.html BS ISO 5658-2:2006+A1:2011, Reaction to fire tests. Spread of flame. Lateral spread on building and transport products in vertical configuration. Wang Y, Zhang F, Chen X, Jin Y, Zhang J. Burning and dripping behaviors of polymers under the UL94 vertical burning test conditions, Fire Mater. 2010; 34(4): 203-215. Kempel F, Schartel B, Hofmann A, Butler KM, Oñate E, Idelsohn SR, Rossi R, Marti JM. Numerical simulation of polymeric materials in UL 94 test: Competition between gasification and melt flowing/dripping. Proceedings of the12th International Interflam Conference. Interscience Communications Ltd: Nottingham, 2010; 721-730. Henri Vahabi, Fouad Laoutid, Mehrshad Mehrpouya, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Philippe Dubois, “Flame retardant polymer materials: An update and the future for 3D printing developments,” Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Volume 144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2020.100604. Fire Safety Aspects of Polymeric Materials` Vol. 1- Materials: state of Art, Chapter 8, A Report by National Materials Advisory Board, National Academy of Sciences, Technomic Publ. Washington, 1977.
Statistics Article View: 773 PDF Download: 440