Alrawi, D., Khalaf, M., Jamaludeen, M. (2024). Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Mechanisms and Counteracting Herbal-Derived Products. , 21(2), 45-56. doi: 10.33899/iraqij.p.2024.145444.1078
Doha Ismail Alrawi; Musab Mohammed Khalaf; Mohammed Khalid Jamaludeen. "Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Mechanisms and Counteracting Herbal-Derived Products". , 21, 2, 2024, 45-56. doi: 10.33899/iraqij.p.2024.145444.1078
Alrawi, D., Khalaf, M., Jamaludeen, M. (2024). 'Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Mechanisms and Counteracting Herbal-Derived Products', , 21(2), pp. 45-56. doi: 10.33899/iraqij.p.2024.145444.1078
Alrawi, D., Khalaf, M., Jamaludeen, M. Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Mechanisms and Counteracting Herbal-Derived Products. , 2024; 21(2): 45-56. doi: 10.33899/iraqij.p.2024.145444.1078

Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Mechanisms and Counteracting Herbal-Derived Products

Iraqi Journal of Pharmacy
Article 1, Volume 21, Issue 2, June 2024, Pages 45-56    PDF (739.94 K)
Document Type: Review Paper
DOI: 10.33899/iraqij.p.2024.145444.1078
Authors
Doha Ismail Alrawi* 1; Musab Mohammed Khalaf1; Mohammed Khalid Jamaludeen2
1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
2Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
Abstract
Background: Exposure to both synthetic and naturally occurring chemical substances can cause a wide range of reactions such as Drug-Induced Liver Injury(DILI). It is a serious problem due to the increasing number of substances being used for the treatment of different illnesses, coupled with the growing popularity of herbal products encourage self-medication but are not strictly regulated. It can be challenging to predict, diagnose, and treat (DILI) due to the wide range of underlying mechanisms and risk factors. DILI can range in severity from moderate transaminase elevation to potentially fatal acute liver failure. Aim: The purpose of this review article is to gain a better understanding of DILI , which includes its causes, classification, the more toxic medications, and chemicals that can lead to DILI. The purpose also covers the biomarkers and liver function tests that can help identify this condition, as well as the substances that are commonly used for liver protection. Methods: We made a worldwide search through well-known online databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Elsevier, and others to keep going with related liver disease trials that have been approved in previous years. Conclusion: DILI is one of the leading causes of liver disease globally, resulting from the use of prescription, over-the-counter, and herbal medications. Due to the lack of a single clinical, laboratory, or histologic characteristic specific to the illness, diagnosing DILI can be challenging.For an accurate diagnosis, it is essential to establish a causal correlation between the suspected substances and other causes of liver injury.

Highlights
  • Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant issue due to the growing number of drugs used to treat different diseases.
  • The mechanisms underlying DILI include immune-mediated damage and mitochondrial dysfunction.
  • The use of certain products obtained from herbels is required for the prevention of drug-induced liver injury.
Keywords
Hepatoprotective agents; Curcumin; Toxic substances; Cisplatin; Capecitabine
References
  1. Yadav SM, Sharma A. Hepatoprotective Evaluation Of Ziziphus Mauritiana Bark Extract On Experimental Animals. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences. 2022;9(5):01-11.
  2. Mahadevan V. Anatomy of the liver. Surgery (Oxford). 2020;38(8):427-31.
  3. Davies SP, Terry LV, Wilkinson AL, Stamataki Z. Cell-in-cell structures in the liver: a tale of four E’s. Frontiers in immunology. 2020;11:650.
  4. Kamoldinova R. Histophysilogical peculiarities of the liver  : Medical science. Ethiopian International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research. 2023;10(09):08-13.
  5. Tortora GJ, Derrickson BH. Principles of anatomy and physiology: John Wiley & Sons; 2018.
  6. Iluz-Freundlich D, Zhang M, Uhanova J, Minuk GY. The relative expression of hepatocellular and cholestatic liver enzymes in adult patients with liver disease. Annals of hepatology. 2020;19(2):204-8.
  7. Vagvala SH, O'Connor SD. Imaging of abnormal liver function tests. Clinical liver disease. 2018;11(5):128.
  8. Kwo PY, Cohen SM, Lim JK. ACG clinical guideline: evaluation of abnormal liver chemistries. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG. 2017;112(1):18-35.
  9. Gupta M, Choudhury PS, Singh S, Hazarika D. Liver functional volumetry by Tc-99m mebrofenin hepatobiliary scintigraphy before major liver resection: A game changer. Indian journal of nuclear medicine: IJNM: the official journal of the Society of Nuclear Medicine, India. 2018;33(4):277.
  10. Leoni S, Tovoli F, Napoli L, Serio I, Ferri S, Bolondi L. Current guidelines for the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review with comparative analysis. World journal of gastroenterology. 2018;24(30):3361.
  11. Garcia-Cortes M, Robles-Diaz M, Stephens C, Ortega-Alonso A, Lucena MI, Andrade RJ. Drug induced liver injury: an update. Archives of Toxicology. 2020;94:3381-407.
  12. Andrade RJ, Chalasani N, Björnsson ES, Suzuki A, Kullak-Ublick GA, Watkins PB, et al. Drug-induced liver injury. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2019;5(1):58.
  13. Real M, Barnhill MS, Higley C, Rosenberg J, Lewis JH. Drug-induced liver injury: highlights of the recent literature. Drug safety. 2019;42:365-87.
  14. Clinton JW, Kiparizoska S, Aggarwal S, Woo S, Davis W, Lewis JH. Drug-induced liver injury: highlights and controversies in the recent literature. Drug safety. 2021:1-25.
  15. Ke L, Lu C, Shen R, Lu T, Ma B, Hua Y. Knowledge mapping of drug-induced liver injury: a scientometric investigation (2010–2019). Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2020;11:842.
  16. Ma J, Ghabril M, Chalasani N. Drug-Induced Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure: Challenges and Future Directions. Clinics in Liver Disease. 2023;27(3):631-48.
  17. Panel CPG, Liver EAftSot. EASL clinical practice guidelines: drug-induced liver injury. Journal of hepatology. 2019;70(6):1222-61.
  18. Teschke R, Danan G. Idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury, cytochrome P450, metabolic risk factors and lipophilicity: Highlights and controversies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(7):3441.
  19. Abd-Elsayed A. Advanced Anesthesia Review: Oxford University Press; 2023.
  20. Bergman RN, Piccinini F, Kabir M, Ader M. Novel aspects of the role of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism. Metabolism. 2019;99:119-25.
  21. Esler WP, Bence KK. Metabolic targets in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cellular and molecular gastroenterology and hepatology. 2019;8(2):247-67.
  22. Dear JW, Bateman DN. Paracetamol poisoning. Medicine. 2020;48(3):208-10.
  23. Mihajlovic M, Vinken M. Mitochondria as the target of hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver injury: Molecular mechanisms and detection methods. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022 Mar 18;23(6):3315. doi:10.3390/ijms23063315.
  24. Gu J, Liu S, Du S, Zhang Q, Xiao J, Dong Q, et al. Diagnostic value of MRI-PDFF for hepatic steatosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis. European radiology. 2019;29:3564-73.
  25. Prasun P, Ginevic I, Oishi K. Mitochondrial dysfunction in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and alcohol related liver disease. Translational gastroenterology and hepatology. 2021;6.
  26. Mihajlovic M, Vinken M. Mitochondria as the target of hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver injury: molecular mechanisms and detection methods. International journal of molecular sciences. 2022;23(6):3315.
  27. Dezső K, Nagy P, Paku S. Human liver regeneration following massive hepatic necrosis: Two distinct patterns. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2020;35(1):124-34.
  28. Allenbach Y, Benveniste O, Stenzel W, Boyer O. Immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy: clinical features and pathogenesis. Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2020;16(12):689-701.
  29. Ramos-Tovar E, Muriel P. Molecular mechanisms that link oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis in the liver. Antioxidants. 2020;9(12):1279.
  30. Cargill T, Culver EL. The role of B cells and B cell therapies in immune-mediated liver diseases. Frontiers in Immunology. 2021;12:661196.
  31. Mudd TW, Guddati AK. Management of hepatotoxicity of chemotherapy and targeted agents. American journal of cancer research. 2021;11(7):3461.
  32. Meunier L, Larrey D. Chemotherapy-associated steatohepatitis. Annals of hepatology. 2020;19(6):597-601.
  33. Andrade RJ, Aithal GP, Björnsson ES, Kaplowitz N, Kullak-Ublick GA, Larrey D, et al. EASL clinical practice guidelines: drug-induced liver injury. Journal of hepatology. 2019;70(6):1222-61.
  34. Kovalev IS, Zyryanov GV, Santra S, Majee A, Varaksin MV, Charushin VN. Folic Acid Antimetabolites (Antifolates): A Brief Review on Synthetic Strategies and Application Opportunities. Molecules. 2022;27(19):6229.
  35. Casale J, Patel P. Fluorouracil. StatPearls [Internet]: StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
  36. Strobel H, Baisch T, Fitzel R, Schilberg K, Siegelin MD, Karpel-Massler G, et al. Temozolomide and other alkylating agents in glioblastoma therapy. Biomedicines. 2019;7(3):69.
  37. Prasanna PL, Renu K, Gopalakrishnan AV. New molecular and biochemical insights of doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity. Life sciences. 2020;250:117599.
  38. Geng C, Cui C, Wang C, Lu S, Zhang M, Chen D, et al. Systematic evaluations of doxorubicin-induced toxicity in rats based on metabolomics. ACS omega. 2020;6(1):358-66.
  39. Singh Z, Kaur H. Toxicological aspects of antineoplastic drugs doxorubicin and epirubicin. J Clin Mol Med. 2019;2:1-5.
  40. Lai C, Cole DE, Steinberg SM, Lucas N, Dombi E, Melani C, et al. Doxorubicin pharmacokinetics and toxicity in patients with aggressive lymphoma and hepatic impairment. Blood Advances. 2023;7(4):529-32.
  41. Krens SD, Lassche G, Jansman FG, Desar IM, Lankheet NA, Burger DM, et al. Dose recommendations for anticancer drugs in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. The Lancet Oncology. 2019;20(4):e200-e7.
  42. Principe DR, Underwood PW, Korc M, Trevino JG, Munshi HG, Rana A. The current treatment paradigm for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and barriers to therapeutic efficacy. Frontiers in Oncology. 2021;11:688377.
  43. Nikkhah E, Shirani K, Rezaee R, Karimi G. Protective effects of taurine against hepatotoxicity induced by pharmaceuticals and environmental chemicals. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry. 2021;103(1):56-84.
  44. Kovalev IS, Zyryanov GV, Santra S, Majee A, Varaksin MV, Charushin VN. Folic Acid Antimetabolites (Antifolates): A Brief Review on Synthetic Strategies and Application Opportunities. Molecules. 2022;27(19):6229.
  45. Casale J, Patel P. Fluorouracil. StatPearls [Internet]: StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
  46. Yun X, Meng H, Zhou A, Jia J, Qian W. Efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization combined with capecitabine and cetuximab in the treatment of colorectal cancer with liver metastasis. J BUON. 2021;26(3):1002-8.
  47. Alqahtani S, Alzaidi R, Alsultan A, Asiri A, Asiri Y, Alsaleh K. Clinical pharmacokinetics of capecitabine and its metabolites in colorectal cancer patients. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal. 2022;30(5):527-31.
  48. Hussein M, Jensen AB. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Caused by Capecitabine: A Case Report and a Literature Review. Case Reports in Oncology. 2023;16(1):378-84.
  49. Alzahrani SM, Al Doghaither HA, Al‑Ghafari AB, Pushparaj PN. 5‑Fluorouracil and capecitabine therapies for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Oncology Reports. 2023;50(4):1-16.
  50. Adams RA, Fisher DJ, Graham J, Seligmann JF, Seymour M, Kaplan R, et al. Capecitabine versus active monitoring in stable or responding metastatic colorectal cancer after 16 weeks of first-line therapy: results of the randomized FOCUS4-N trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2021;39(33):3693.
  51. Hailan WA, Abou-Tarboush FM, Al-Anazi KM, Ahmad A, Qasem A, Farah MA. Gemcitabine induced cytotoxicity, DNA damage and hepatic injury in laboratory mice. Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 2020;43(2):158-64.
  52. Kovalev IS, Zyryanov GV, Santra S, Majee A, Varaksin MV, Charushin VN. Folic Acid Antimetabolites (Antifolates): A Brief Review on Synthetic Strategies and Application Opportunities. Molecules. 2022;27(19):6229.
  53. Alessandrino F, Qin L, Cruz G, Sahu S, Rosenthal MH, Meyerhardt JA, et al. 5-Fluorouracil induced liver toxicity in patients with colorectal cancer: role of computedtomography texture analysis as a potential biomarker. Abdominal Radiology. 2019;44:3099-106.
  54. Vodenkova S, Buchler T, Cervena K, Veskrnova V, Vodicka P, Vymetalkova V. 5-fluorouracil and other fluoropyrimidines in colorectal cancer: Past, present and future. Pharmacology & therapeutics. 2020;206:107447.
  55. Blondy S, David V, Verdier M, Mathonnet M, Perraud A, Christou N. 5‐Fluorouracil resistance mechanisms in colorectal cancer: From classical pathways to promising processes. Cancer science. 2020;111(9):3142-54.
  56. Abd Rashid N, Abd Halim SAS, Teoh SL, Budin SB, Hussan F, Ridzuan NRA, et al. The role of natural antioxidants in cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2021;144:112328.
  57. Yaegashi A, Yoshida K, Suzuki N, Shimada I, Tani Y, Saijo Y, et al., editors. A case of severe hepatotoxicity induced by cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. International Cancer Conference Journal; 2020: Springer.
  58. Alrashed AA, El-Kordy EA. Possible protective role of panax ginseng on cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity in adult male albino rats (Biochemical and Histological Study). Journal of microscopy and ultrastructure. 2019;7(2):84.
  59. Fleming G, Schilsky R, Schumm L, Meyerson A, Hong A, Vogelzang N, et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of 24-hour infusion 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with organ dysfunction. Annals of oncology. 2003;14(7):1142-7.
  60. Nikolic-Tomasevic Z, Jelic S, Cassidy J, Filipovic-Ljeskovic I, Tomasevic Z. Fluoropyrimidine therapy: hyperbilirubinemia as a consequence of hemolysis. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology. 2005;56:594-602.
  61. Eklund JW, Trifilio S, Mulcahy MF. Chemotherapy dosing in the setting of liver dysfunction. Oncology (Williston Park, NY). 2005;19(8):1057-63.
  62. Donelli M, Zucchetti M, Munzone E, D’Incalci M, Crosignani A. Pharmacokinetics of anticancer agents in patients with impaired liver function. European journal of cancer. 1998;34(1):33-46.
  63. Saif MW, Shahrokni A, Cornfeld D. Gemcitabine-induced liver fibrosis in a patient with pancreatic cancer. Jop. 2007;8(4):460-7.
  64. Mindikoglu AL, Regev A, Bejarano PA, Martinez EJ, Jeffers LJ, Schiff ER. Imatinib mesylate (gleevec) hepatotoxicity. Digestive diseases and sciences. 2007;52:598-601.
  65. Hu PF, Xie WF. Corticosteroid therapy in drug‐induced liver injury: pros and cons. Journal of Digestive Diseases. 2019;20(3):122-6.
  66. Adar T, Ben Ya’acov A, Shabat Y, Mizrahi M, Zolotarov L, Lichtenstein Y, et al. Steroid-mediated liver steatosis is CD1d-dependent, while steroid-induced liver necrosis, inflammation, and metabolic changes are CD1d-independent. BMC gastroenterology. 2022;22(1):169.
  67. 67. Lei S, Gu R, Ma X. Clinical perspectives of isoniazid-induced liver injury. Liver Research. 2021;5(2):45-52.
  68. Bindu S, Mazumder S, Bandyopadhyay U. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and organ damage: A current perspective. Biochemical pharmacology. 2020;180:114147.
  69. Zoubek ME, Lucena MI, Andrade RJ, Stephens C. Systematic review: ibuprofen‐induced liver injury. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 2020;51(6):603-11.
  70. opiolek I, Hydzik P, Jagielski P, Zrodlowska M, Mystek K, Porebski G. Risk factors for hepatotoxicity due to paracetamol overdose in adults. Medicina. 2021;57(8):752.
  71. Guengerich FP. Cytochrome P450 2E1 and its roles in disease. Chemico-biological interactions. 2020;322:109056.
  72. Çekiç EG, Başaran NF, Çelik Öİ, Şirin FB, Yilmaz N, Soydan G. The E ects of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitors in Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatic Injury in Mice. 2022.
  73. Rodrigues K, Hussain R, Cooke S, Zhang G, Zhang D, Yin L, et al. Fructose as a novel nutraceutical for acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. 2023.
  74. Chidiac AS, Buckley NA, Noghrehchi F, Cairns R. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose and hepatotoxicity: mechanism, treatment, prevention measures, and estimates of burden of disease. Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology. 2023;19(5):297-317.
  75. Lee WM. Acute liver failure. Yamada's Textbook of Gastroenterology. 2022:1889-905.
  76. Rani J, Dhull SB, Rose PK, Kidwai MK. Drug-induced liver injury and anti-hepatotoxic effect of herbal compounds: a metabolic mechanism perspective. Phytomedicine. 2023:155142.
  77. Sharma A, Mehta D, Ahmed S, Sharma S. International Journal of Modern Pharmaceutical Research.
  78. Mehrandish R, Rahimian A, Shahriary A. Heavy metals detoxification: A review of herbal compounds for chelation therapy in heavy metals toxicity. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology. 2019;8(2):69-77.
  79. Oglah MK, Mustafa YF, Bashir MK, Jasim MH, Mustafa YF. Curcumin and its derivatives: A review of their biological activities. Syst Rev Pharm. 2020;11(3):472-81.
  80. Abdelhamid FM, Mahgoub HA, Ateya AI. Ameliorative effect of curcumin against lead acetate–induced hemato-biochemical alterations, hepatotoxicity, and testicular oxidative damage in rats. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020;27:10950-65.
  81. Panaro MA, Corrado A, Benameur T, Paolo CF, Cici D, Porro C. The emerging role of curcumin in the modulation of TLR-4 signaling pathway: focus on neuroprotective and anti-rheumatic properties. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020;21(7):2299.
  82. McLean W. Reviews of articles on medicinal herbs. Australian Journal of Herbal and Naturopathic Medicine. 2023;35(2):86-90.
  83. Singh SK, Srivastav S, Castellani RJ, Plascencia-Villa G, Perry G. Neuroprotective and antioxidant effect of Ginkgo biloba extract against AD and other neurological disorders. Neurotherapeutics. 2019;16:666-74.
  84. Liu L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Wang S. Advances in the chemical constituents and chemical analysis of Ginkgo biloba leaf, extract, and phytopharmaceuticals. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2021;193:113704.
  85. Tao Y, Zhu F, Pan M, Liu Q, Wang P. Pharmacokinetic, metabolism, and metabolomic strategies provide deep insight into the underlying mechanism of Ginkgo biloba flavonoids in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2022;9:857370.
  86. Vervandier-Fasseur D, Latruffe N. The potential use of resveratrol for cancer prevention. Molecules. 2019;24(24):4506.
  87. Pecyna P, Wargula J, Murias M, Kucinska M. More than resveratrol: New insights into stilbene-based compounds. Biomolecules. 2020;10(8):1111.
  88. El-Wafaey DI, Ibrahim IA, Ebrahim GMM, Hamed SFO. Resveratrol Neuroprotection Against Sodium Fluoride Toxicity on The Structure of Cerebellar Cortex of Adult Male Albino Rats: Histological and Biochemical Studies. Egyptian Journal of Histology. 2023;46(2):548-60.
  89. Strekalova E, Malin D, Weisenhorn EM, Russell JD, Hoelper D, Jain A, et al. S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis is a targetable metabolic vulnerability of cancer stem cells. Breast cancer research and treatment. 2019;175:39-50.
  90. Chen YW, Liao Y, Kong WZ, Wang SH. ATP dynamic regeneration strategy for enhancing co-production of glutathione and S-adenosylmethionine in Escherichia coli. Biotechnology Letters. 2020;42:2581-7.
  91. Ouyang Y, Wu Q, Li J, Sun S, Sun S. S‐adenosylmethionine: a metabolite critical to the regulation of autophagy. Cell proliferation. 2020;53(11):e12891.
  92. Fernández-Ramos D, Lopitz-Otsoa F, Millet O, Alonso C, Lu SC, Mato JM. One Carbon Metabolism and S-Adenosylmethionine in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Pathogenesis and Subtypes. Livers. 2022;2(4):243-57.
  93. Abed NA, Khalaf MM, Alnori MKJ. The Potential Effect of Silymarin Against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Albino Rats. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2022;14(5).
  94. Gillessen A, Schmidt HH-J. Silymarin as supportive treatment in liver diseases: A narrative review. Advances in therapy. 2020;37(4):1279-301.
  95. Aghemo A, Alekseeva OP, Angelico F, Bakulin IG, Bakulina NV, Bordin D, et al. Role of silymarin as antioxidant in clinical management of chronic liver diseases: A narrative review. Annals of Medicine. 2022;54(1):1548-60.
  96. Wadhwa K, Pahwa R, Kumar M, Kumar S, Sharma PC, Singh G, et al. Mechanistic insights into the pharmacological significance of silymarin. Molecules. 2022;27(16):5327.
  97. Choe U, Whent M, Luo Y, Yu L. Total phenolic content, free radical scavenging capacity, and anti-cancer activity of silymarin. Journal of Food Bioactives. 2020;10.
  98. Ahmad P, Alvi SS, Khan MS. Functioning of organosulfur compounds from garlic (allium sativum linn) in targeting risk factor-mediated atherosclerosis: A cross talk between alternative and modern medicine. Natural Bio-active Compounds: Volume 1: Production and Applications. 2019:561-85.
  99. Gupta A, Shrman K, Kushwaha G, Goyal G, Singh G, Mansoori MS. Hepatoprotective activity of silymarin against paracetamol induced liver toxicity in albino rats. The Pharma Innovation Journal 2023; SP-12(7): 1701-1705
  100. Li J, Niu R, Dong L, Gao L, Zhang J, Zheng Y, et al. Nanoencapsulation of curcumin and its protective effects against CCl 4-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Journal of nanomaterials. 2019;2019.
  101. Jia W, Jiang S, Wang F, Li J, Wang Z, Yao Z. Natural antibacterial membranes prepared using Schisandra chinensis extracts and polyvinyl alcohol in an environment-friendly manner. Chemosphere. 2023:140524.
  102. Ma Z, Sheng L, Li J, Qian J, Wu G, Wang Z, et al. Resveratrol alleviates hepatic fibrosis in associated with decreased endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis and inflammation. Inflammation. 2022;45(2):812-23.
  103. Rajaraman G, Chen J, Chang TK. Ginkgolide A contributes to the potentiation of acetaminophen toxicity by Ginkgo biloba extract in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Toxicology and applied pharmacology. 2006;217(2):225-33.
  104. Mora SI, García-Román J, Gómez-Ñañez I, García-Román R. Chronic liver diseases and the potential use of S-adenosyl-L-methionine as a hepatoprotector. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2018;30(8):893-900.
  105. Li X, Sun R, Liu R. Natural products in licorice for the therapy of liver diseases: Progress and future opportunities. Pharmacological Research. 2019;144:210-26.
Statistics
Article View: 902
PDF Download: 577


Journal Management System. Powered by iJournalPro.com