- All Journals
- Al-Qadisiyah University
- Basrah University
- Kirkuk University
- Mosul University
- The Iraqi Borad for Medical Specialization
- University of Anbar
- University of Technology
- Al Mustafa University
- Al-Zahraa University for Women
- Alnoor University
- Kunooz University
- Misan University
- Ninevah University
- Tikrit University
- University of Al-Hamdaniya
- University of Kerbala
The Kurds in Mosul and their Dirham in the Islamic Response to the Crusade Challenge in the Middle Ages | ||
| Journal of University of Anbar for Humanities | ||
| Article 6, Volume 2024, Issue 1, March 2024, Pages 97-135 PDF (1.17 M) | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.37653/juah.2024.182650 | ||
| Author | ||
| Burhan Jumaa Darwesh | ||
| General Directorate of Diyala Education- Jalawla Education Department | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Objectives: The research aims to understand the events in order to reach more scientific and accurate facts about the Kurds in Mosul and their role in the Islamic response to the Crusader challenge in the Middle Ages. Method: This study did not establish the Crusades as a historical military event, but rather examined the extent to which the Iraqi and military topographical factor influenced the making of that event, and the extent to which this factor influenced the demographic distribution in the Iraqi military region, as it did so on historical and historical events. Results: The Kurds in Iraq - without combat, Yazid was an important force in Nur al-Din’s army, and they waged wars loyally. We consider that evidence of this is that Najm al-Din Ayyub and his brother Shirkuh were among his greatest commanders, and Najm al-Din Nur al-Din Mahmoud helped him in the conquest of Damascus. In addition to that, he was To respond to Shahd's role in defending the areas of the Caliphate in the Abbasid era, they remained loyal to the symbol of Islam (the Abbasid Caliphate), and did not attempt to carry out movements of rebellion and secession or occupy Baghdad, and they could have done so if they wanted to, but in sincerity of loyalty to Islam and the Abbasid Caliphate nothing else. Likewise, Salah al-Din was a symbol of Arab-Kurdish brotherhood in word and deed, and he changed the face of history as the will of the Muslims wanted. Under the purity of the true Islamic religion, Jerusalem - the site of Muhammad (may God bless him and grant him peace) and the birthplace of Christ (peace be upon him) - and the pure land of Palestine were protected from the control of the Crusaders. And he spent. Throughout his life under tents or in the expanses of war to expel the angry, he stood as an impenetrable barrier against European colonialism for thirty-five years. Yes, this is the shining role of the Kurds in defending the Islamic holy place, such as the first qibla for Muslims (Bayt al-Maqdis). Conclusion: The study recommends the need to conduct more of these studies, because their importance has become urgent in this era for political and civilizational reasons, given that European colonialism is working hard to separate this region culturally and historically from its connection with the Arabs and Islam. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Kurds; Mosul; Response; Crusades | ||
| References | ||
- Al-Kamil in History, investigation. Omar Abdel Salam Tadmurri, 1st edition, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Arabi, Beirut, 1983 AD
- The brilliant history in the news of the Atabeg state in Mosul, edited by Abd al-Qadir Ahmad Tilmat, Dar al-Kutub al-Haditha, Baghdad, 1963 AD.
Paths and Kingdoms, investigated by Dr. Muhammad Jaber Al-Husseini, Dar Al-Qalam, Cairo, 1381 AH / 1961 AD.
- Treasure of Pearls and Jami’ al-Ghurar, Part Seven, entitled (The Wanted Pearl in the News of Bani Ayyub), edited by Abdel Fattah Ashour, Dar Hayaa al-Kutub al-Arabi (Cairo - 1972 AD)
- Tuhfat Al-Nazar fi Gharebi Al-Amsar and Wonders of Travel, Al-Amiriya Press, 1st edition, Bulaq, Egypt, 1934 AD.
- The comfort of breasts and the verse of pleasure, translated by Al-Shawarbi and Hussein Al-Sayyad, ed., Cairo, 1960 AD.
- Al-Zahira fi Kings of Egypt and Cairo, ed., Cairo (d-v).
- The Journey, edited by Hussein Nassar, Cairo edition, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Masry Al-Lebanese, 1980 AD.
- Al-Muntazim fi Tarikh al-Muluk wa’l-Num, Encyclopedia, Jaderabad, 1358 AH/1939 AD.
- Gold nuggets in news of gold, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, (Beirut, d/d).
- The Image of the Earth, Al-Hayat Library (Beirut - 1979 AD).
- Trajectories and Kingdoms, edited by De Gouy, ed., Leiden, 1889 AD.
- Lessons and the Diwan of the Beginning and the News in the History of the Persians, Arabs, and Berbers of the past, and those who contemporaneously among the people of the greatest sultan, Cairo, 1971 AD.
- Al-Rahwi’s unknown history, based on Syriac and its setting
- The Woman of Time in the History of Notables, Hyderabad, India, 1951 AD.
- Oyoun al-Rawdhatain fi Akhbar al-Dawlatain, investigation, Muhammad Ali Muhammad (Cairo, D. T.). Verified by Ahmed Al-Baisoumi, Ministry of Culture publications, Damascus, 1992
- Al-Nawader Al-Sultaniyya wa Al-Mahasin Al-Yusufiyah, edited by Jamal Al-Din Al-Shayyal, Egyptian House for Writing and Translation, 1st edition, Cairo, 1964 AD.
- History of Al-Tabari, History of the Messengers and Kings, edited by Muhammad Abu Al-Fadl Ibrahim, 3rd edition, Dar Al-Maaref (Cairo, 1976 AD)
- A Brief History of States, Catholic Edition, 3rd edition, Beirut, 1958 AD
- Aleppo Butter from the History of Aleppo, edited by Dr. Sami Al-Dahan, French Institute, Damascus, 1951 AD.
- History of Al-Fariqi, edited by Badawi Abdel Latif Awad, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Lubani, Beirut, 1974 AD.
- Calendar of Countries, edited by Renaud and de Slane, Paris edition, 1840 AD
- Antiquities of the Country and News of the People, Dar Sader, Beirut, 1969 AD
- The History of Damascus, Jesuit Fathers Press, Beirut, 1908 AD.
- Sobh Al-Asha in the Construction Industry, Al-Amiriya Press, Cairo, 1963 AD.
- The Beginning and the End, edited by Hamid Ahmed Taher, Cairo - 2002 AD.
- _ The Travels of Marco Polo, The Springs Series, translation, Abdul Aziz Tawfiq Javid, ed., Cairo, 1977 AD.
- The best divisions in the knowledge of the regions. Its introduction, footnotes, and indexes were written by Muhammad Makhzoum, Dar Ihya’ al-Arabi al-Arabi (Beirut, 1987 AD).
- Book of Countries, Brill Press, Leiden, 1885 AD.
- Ibn Wasil, (Jamal al-Din Muhammad bin Salem, d. 691 AH/1291 AD)
Mufarrej al-Karub fi Akhbar Bani Ayoub, edited by Jamal al-Din al-Shayyal, Cairo edition, 1953 AD.
- Khurida Al-Ajaib and Farida Al-Tharas, Al-Halabi Press, 2nd edition, Cairo (D, T)
- Dictionary of Countries, Beirut House for Printing and Publishing, 1957 AD.
- Caliphate in Islamic Civilization, Saeed Raafat Library, Ain Shams University (D, T)
Means of the Islamic Crusader Conflict in the Middle Ages, Al-Mustaqil Al-Arabi Magazine, No. 102, Center for Arab Unity Studies, August 1987.
- Armenianism between the Byzantines and the Seljuk Turks (392-463 AH / 1000-1070 AD) in the work of Aristakis of Lastiparthi, Egyptian Press, Alexandria, 1983 AD.
- History of Iraq in the Seljuk Era, National Library, Baghdad, 1962 AD.
- Al-Raha, Al-Mashreq Magazine, Year 8, Issue 4, 1905 AD
- Cultural conditions in the Levant - in the 12th and 13th centuries, the era of the Crusades, Dar Al-Maaref, Cairo.
- Lectures on the natural, economic and human geography of Iraq, Al-Bayan Al-Arabi Committee Press, 4th edition, Cairo, 1961 AD.
- History of the Kurds in Islamic Civilization, Dar Hero, 1st edition, (Beirut, 2007 AD).
- The Syrian Jazeera between the Past and the Present, Al-Sharqi Press, 1st edition, Damascus, 1959 AD.
- Crusaders in the East, translation, Elias Shaheen, Dar Al-Taqadum, Moscow, 1986 AD.
- A History of the Kurdish States and Emirates in the Islamic Era, Translated by: Muhammad Ali Awni, Egypt, 1948 AD.
- A Dictionary of Lineages and Ruling Dynasties in Islamic History, directed by Zaki Muhammad Hassan Bey
- Fouad I Library, Cairo, 1951 AD.
- The Postal System in the Islamic State, Misr Printing House, 1953 AD
- The borders and their military and cultural role, Al-Rafidain Literature Magazine, No. 11, 1979 AD.
- The Crusades, translation, Sami Hashim, ed., Beirut, 1981 AD.
- From Hama to Aleppo, Al-Mashreq Magazine, Year 8, Issue 20, 1905 AD.
- The Kurdish issue, the past and present of the Kurds, Al-Saada Press, Egypt, 1930 AD.
- History of Mosul, Salafi Press, Cairo, 1922 AD.
- The Crusade movement is a bright page in the history of Arab jihad in the Middle Ages, ed., Cairo, 1963 AD.
- The Land of the Turks in the Middle Ages, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, Cairo, (ed.).
- The Islamic-Byzantine borders between Arab contact and civilizational contact, National House for Printing and Publishing,
- Plans of the Levant, Modern Printing Press, Damascus, 1925 AD
- The Crusader Emirate of Edessa, Cairo, 1986 AD
- Captive Crusader leaders in the hands of Muslim rulers 493-531 AH / 1100-1137 AD, Beirut
- The Islamic Front in Egypt, The Crusades, Dar Al-Shabab, Cairo, 1971 AD
- Countries of the Eastern Caliphate, translated by Bashir Francis and Gorgis Awad, Al-Rabita Press, Baghdad, 1954 AD.
- Regional Relations and the Crusades, Ain for Studies, 1425 AH/2004 AD.
- The Travels of Marco Polo, The Springs Series, translation, Abdul Aziz Tawfiq Javid, ed., Cairo, 1977 AD.
- The State of Bani Aqil in Mosul 380-489 AH, Shafiq Press, Baghdad, 1968 AD.
- History of the Arab World and the Crusader Invasion, Baghdad, 1981 AD
- Arabs and Kurds, Dar Al-Ghusoun, 1st edition, Beirut, 1986 AD.
- The Euphrates Island region and unity during the sixteenth century, Al-Sharq Al-Awsat Magazine, Middle East Research Center, Ain Shams University, Issue (7), 1990 AD.
-Social and economic relations between the Arabs and the Franks during the Crusades, Cairo | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 1,114 PDF Download: 223 |
||