B. Thanoon, T., Althanoon, Z. (2024). A Comprehensive Review of the Ketamine Mechanism and Its Pleiotropic Effects. , 21(2), 79-88. doi: 10.33899/iraqij.p.2024.147048.1086
Taqwa B. Thanoon; Zeina A. Althanoon. "A Comprehensive Review of the Ketamine Mechanism and Its Pleiotropic Effects". , 21, 2, 2024, 79-88. doi: 10.33899/iraqij.p.2024.147048.1086
B. Thanoon, T., Althanoon, Z. (2024). 'A Comprehensive Review of the Ketamine Mechanism and Its Pleiotropic Effects', , 21(2), pp. 79-88. doi: 10.33899/iraqij.p.2024.147048.1086
B. Thanoon, T., Althanoon, Z. A Comprehensive Review of the Ketamine Mechanism and Its Pleiotropic Effects. , 2024; 21(2): 79-88. doi: 10.33899/iraqij.p.2024.147048.1086

A Comprehensive Review of the Ketamine Mechanism and Its Pleiotropic Effects

Iraqi Journal of Pharmacy
Article 5, Volume 21, Issue 2, June 2024, Pages 79-88    PDF (665.14 K)
Document Type: Review Paper
DOI: 10.33899/iraqij.p.2024.147048.1086
Authors
Taqwa B. Thanoon* 1; Zeina A. Althanoon2
1Ninevah Health Director, Ninevah, Iraq
2Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
Abstract
Objective: In the world of anesthetics, ketamine is unique. Over thirty years ago, the substance was first used in therapeutic practice to act as a "mono-anesthetic," causing analgesia, forgetfulness, loss of consciousness, and immobility. ketamine is frequently found in equal amounts as the enantiomers S(-) and R(+)-ketamine in a racemic mixture. From a pharmacological perspective, glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, is the primary target of ketamine. It is a non-competitive antagonist Working at one of the three glutamate receptors, the N-methyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. Despite of its side effects, ketamine has shown to be an effective treatment due to its short half-life and lack of clinically significant respiratory depression. Aim: the review sought to highlight the important neurobehavioral activity of ketamine in the light of its agonist of mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors. Methods: That included online published materials from Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, and many other websites to gather as much as possible of information together. Conclusions:  Ketamine, is  a potent anesthetic and psychotropic drug. Beyond its antidepressant properties, ketamine has also been investigated for its potential in treating chronic pain, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorders.

Highlights
  • Ketamine antagonizes different receptors.
  • CNS receptors overlap, resulting in different ketamine actions.
  • Sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine are harnessed in clinical use.
Keywords
Ketamine; Anesthesia; Neurobehavioral pharmacology; N-methyl d-aspartate; Glutamate receptors
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