Plant Secondary Metabolites, Their Classification and Biological Roles: A Review

Naji, Enas Fahd; Abdulfatah, Hiba Fouad; AlZawi, Khader Saker

doi:10.37652/juaps.2023.144549.1164

	Plant Secondary Metabolites, Their Classification and Biological Roles: A Review
Journal of University of Anbar for Pure Science
Volume 18, Issue 1, June 2024, Pages 106-115 PDF (379.75 K)
Document Type: Review Paper
DOI: 10.37652/juaps.2023.144549.1164
Authors
Enas Fahd Naji^* ; Hiba Fouad Abdulfatah; Khader Saker AlZawi
Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq;
Abstract
Metabolism represents the primary and essential biological phenomenon occurring within the living cell, encompassing the synthesis of crucial biomolecules and their subsequent breakdown to liberate the requisite energy for diverse cellular functions. Two distinct forms of metabolism exist: primary and secondary, the primary one, facilitating the production of fundamental organic substances to support growth, reproduction, and other biological processes, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Plants constitute an indispensable reservoir of chemical compounds possessing diverse biological attributes that can be exploited by humans for their benefit. These substances primarily emerge through chemical transformations of secondary metabolism includes terpenes, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, saponines, steroids each group possesses unique traits and attributes that set it apart from other groups, and each of these categories fulfills crucial and indispensable functions within the majority of living cells.. These secondary metabolites are synthesized in minute amounts that are sufficient to fulfill specific plant needs in response to particular environmental factors. These compounds possess unique properties that enable them to play important biological roles not only in the life of plants, but also in the life of other living organisms, including humans.
Keywords
terpenes,,; ,،alkaloida,,; ,،phenols,,; ,،saponines,,; ,،steroi

References
[1] Tiwari, R., & Rana, C. S. (2015). Plant secondary metabolites: a review. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, 3(5), 661-670. [2] González Mera, I. F., González Falconí, D. E., & Morera Córdova, V. (2019). Secondary metabolites in plants: Main classes, phytochemical analysis and pharmacological activities. Bionatura, 4(4), 1000-1009. [3] De Luca, V., & St Pierre, B. (2000). The cell and developmental biology of alkaloid biosynthesis. Trends in plant science, 5(4), 168-173. [4] Vanhercke, T., Wood, C. C., Stymne, S., Singh, S. P., & Green, A. G. (2013). Metabolic engineering of plant oils and waxes for use as industrial feedstocks. Plant biotechnology journal, 11(2), 197-210. [5] Alseekh, S., & Fernie, A. R. (2018). Metabolomics 20 years on: what have we learned and what hurdles remain?. The Plant Journal, 94(6), 933-942. [6] Willis, K., (2017). State of the world’s plants. London: Royal Botanic Gardens. [7] Wang, S., Alseekh, S., Fernie, A. R., & Luo, J. (2019). The structure and function of major plant metabolite modifications. Molecular Plant, 12(7), 899-919. [8] Dewick, P. M. (2002). Medicinal natural products: a biosynthetic approach. John Wiley & Sons. [9] Phillipson, J. D. (2001). Phytochemistry and medicinal plants. Phytochemistry, 56(3), 237-243. [10] Rates, S. M. K. (2001). Plants as source of drugs. Toxicon, 39(5), 603-613. [11] Newman, D. J., & Cragg, G. M. (2016). Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014. Journal of natural products, 79(3), 629-661. [12] Setyorini, D., & Antarlina, S. S. (2022). Secondary metabolites in sorghum and its characteristics. Food Science and Technology, 42. [13] Hussain, N., Mahmood, T., Liaquat, M., Safdar, N., Ahmed, W., Qayyum, A., ... & Imran, M. (2021). Rheometry nutrition and gluten microstructure trends in wheat cultivars. Food Science and Technology, 42, e60920. [14] Abbas, F., Ke, Y., Yu, R., Yue, Y., Amanullah, S., Jahangir, M. M., & Fan, Y. (2017). Volatile terpenoids: multiple functions, biosynthesis, modulation and manipulation by genetic engineering. Planta, 246, 803-816. [15] Figueiredo, A. C., Barroso, J. G., Pedro, L. G., & Scheffer, J. J. (2008). Factors affecting secondary metabolite production in plants: volatile components and essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance journal, 23(4), 213-226. [16] Bratt, K. (2000). Secondary plant metabolites as defense against herbivore and oxidative stress. University of Uppsala, Sweden, 91-554. [17] Mariska, I. (2013). Metabolit Sekunder: Jalur pembentukan dan kegunaannya. Balai Besar Penelitian Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik. Diakses dari http://biogen. litbang. pertanian. go. id. [18] Richardson, L. L., Adler, L. S., Leonard, A. S., Andicoechea, J., Regan, K. H., Anthony, W. E., ... & Irwin, R. E. (2015). Secondary metabolites in floral nectar reduce parasite infections in bumblebees. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282(1803), 20142471. [19] Bustos-Segura, C., Foley, W., 2018: Foliar terpene chemotypes and herbivory determine variation in plant volatile emissions. J. Chem. Ecol. 44, 51-61. DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0919-8 [20] Berini, J. L., Brockman, S. A., Hegeman, A. D., Reich, P. B., Muthukrishnan, R., Montgomery, R. A., & Forester, J. D. (2018). Combinations of abiotic factors differentially alter production of plant secondary metabolites in five woody plant species in the boreal-temperate transition zone. Frontiers in plant science, 9, 1257. [21] Umashankar, D. D. (2020). Plant secondary metabolites as potential usage in regenerative medicine. J. Phytopharmacol, 9(4), 270-273P. [22] Bourgaud, F., Gravot, A., Milesi, S., & Gontier, E. (2001). Production of plant secondary metabolites: a historical perspective. Plant science, 161(5), 839-851. [23] Badyal, S., Singh, H., Yadav, A. K., Sharma, S., & Bhushan, I. (2020). Plant secondary metabolites and their uses. Plant Arch, 20(2), 3336-3340. [24] Ávalos, A., & Elena, G. (2009). Metabolismo secundario de plantas. Reduca Biología Serie Fisiología Vegetal 2 (3): 119–145. [25] Vranová, E., Coman, D., & Gruissem, W. (2012). Structure and dynamics of the isoprenoid pathway network. Molecular plant, 5(2), 318-333. [26] Taiz, L. and Zeiger, E. (2010) Plant Physiology. 5th Edition, Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, 782 p. [27] Olivoto, T., Nardino, M., Carvalho, I. R., Follmann, D. N., Szareski, V. J., Ferrari, M., ... & de Souza, V. Q. (2017). Plant secondary metabolites and its dynamical systems of induction in response to environmental factors: A review. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 12(2), 71-84. [28] Loreto, F., Dicke, M., SCHNITZLER, J. P., & Turlings, T. C. (2014). Plant volatiles and the environment. Plant, cell & environment, 37(8), 1905-1908. [29] Veitch, G. E., Boyer, A., & Ley, S. V. (2008). The azadirachtin story. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47(49), 9402-9429. [30] Soriano, I. R., Riley, I. T., Potter, M. J., & Bowers, W. S. (2004). Phytoecdysteroids: a novel defense against plant-parasitic nematodes. Journal of chemical ecology, 30, 1885-1899. [31] Kumar, S. (2014). Alkaloidal drugs-A review. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology, 4(3), 107-119. [32] Lee, S. T., Welch, K. D., Panter, K. E., Gardner, D. R., Garrossian, M., & Chang, C. W. T. (2014). Cyclopamine: from cyclops lambs to cancer treatment. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 62(30), 7355-7362. [33] Kartsev, V. G. (2004). Natural compounds in drug discovery. Biological activity and new trends in the chemistry of isoquinoline alkaloids. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 13(6-7), 325-336. [34] Debnath, B., Singh, W. S., Das, M., Goswami, S., Singh, M. K., Maiti, D., & Manna, K. (2018). Role of plant alkaloids on human health: A review of biological activities. Materials today chemistry, 9, 56-72. [35] Ramawat, K. G., Dass, S., & Mathur, M. (2009). The chemical diversity of bioactive molecules and therapeutic potential of medicinal plants. Herbal drugs: ethnomedicine to modern medicine, 7-32. [36] Muharini, R. (2016). Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Medicinal Plants (Doctoral dissertation, Dissertation, Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, 2016). [37] Chauhan, S. A. V. E. E. N. A., Kaur, A., Vyas, M. A. N. I. S. H., & Khatik, G. L. (2017). Comparison of antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of wild and cultivated variety of Rauwolfia serpentina. Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 10(12), 404-6. Oksman-Caldentey, K. M., & Inzé, D. (2004). Natural compounds derived from plants can be categorized into three different groups according to their final use in developing a drug. Trends in Plant Science, 9(9), 433-440. [38] Zeng, J., Liu, Y., Liu, W., Liu, X., Liu, F., Huang, P., ... & Xiong, X. (2013). Integration of transcriptome, proteome and metabolism data reveals the alkaloids biosynthesis in Macleaya cordata and Macleaya microcarpa. PloS one, 8(1), e53409. [39] Gutzeit, H. O., & Ludwig-Müller, J. (2014). Plant natural products: synthesis, biological functions and practical applications. John Wiley & Sons. [40] Velderrain-Rodríguez, G. R., Palafox-Carlos, H., Wall-Medrano, A., Ayala-Zavala, J. F., Chen, C. O., Robles-Sánchez, M., ... & González-Aguilar, G. A. (2014). Phenolic compounds: their journey after intake. Food & function, 5(2), 189-197. [41] Dai, J., & Mumper, R. J. (2010). Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules, 15(10), 7313-7352. [42] Franklin, G., Conceição, L. F., Kombrink, E., & Dias, A. C. (2009). Xanthone biosynthesis in Hypericum perforatum cells provides antioxidant and antimicrobial protection upon biotic stress. Phytochemistry, 70(1), 60-68. [43] Krstić-Milošević, D., Janković, T., Uzelac, B., Vinterhalter, D., & Vinterhalter, B. (2017). Effect of elicitors on xanthone accumulation and biomass production in hairy root cultures of Gentiana dinarica. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC), 130, 631-640. [44] Revutska, A., Belava, V., Golubenko, A., Taran, N., & Chen, M. (2021). Plant secondary metabolites as bioactive substances for innovative biotechnologies. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 280, p. 07014). EDP Sciences. [45] Gao, J., Wang, S. J., Fang, F., Si, Y. K., Yang, Y. C., Liu, G. T., & Jian-gong, S. (2004). Xanthones from Tibetan medicine Halenia elliptica and their antioxidant activity. Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae, 364-367. [46] Gleason, F., & Chollet, R. (2012). Plant biochemistry. Massachusetts: Jones & Barlett Learning [47] Martin, M. R., & Rhein, L. D. (2008). Surfactants in cosmetics (2nd ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. [48] Rachmawati, S. (2008). Study Macroscopic dan Skrining Fitokimia Daun Anredera Cordifolia (Ten) Steenis. Surabaya: Universitas Airlangga. [49] Thao, N. P., Luyen, B. T. T., Kim, E. J., Kang, J. I., Kang, H. K., Cuong, N. X., ... & Kim, Y. H. (2015). Steroidal constituents from the edible sea urchin Diadema savignyi Michelin induce apoptosis in human cancer cells. Journal of medicinal food, 18(1), 45-53. [50] Suryelita, S., Etika, S. B., & Kurnia, N. S. (2017). Isolasi Dan Karakterisasi Senyawa Steroid Dari Daun Cemara Natal (Cupressus Funebris Endl.). EKSAKTA: Berkala Ilmiah Bidang MIPA, 18(01), 86-94. [51] Aav, R., Kanger, T., Pehk, T., & Lopp, M. (2005). Unexpected reactivity of ethyl 2-(Diethylphosphono) propionate toward 2, 2-disubstituted-1, 3-cyclopentanediones. Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon, 180(7), 1739-1748. [52] Jovanović-Šanta, S. S., Petri, E. T., Klisurić, O. R., Szécsi, M., Kovačević, R., & Petrović, J. A. (2015). Antihormonal potential of selected D-homo and D-seco estratriene derivatives. Steroids, 97, 45-53. [53] Lopez, L. M., Grimes, D. A., Schulz, K. F., Curtis, K. M., & Chen, M. (2014). Steroidal contraceptives: effect on bone fractures in women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6).
Statistics Article View: 1,045 PDF Download: 743