D. M. Al-Obeidi, W., H. Ali, L., F. Al-Rawi, D. (2024). THE EFFECTS OF SINGLE CELL OIL (SCO) PRODUCED FROM BACILLUS SUBTILUS ON CERTAIN HISTOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN LABORATORY RATS. , 22(1), 429-454. doi: 10.32649/ajas.2024.183744
W. D. M. Al-Obeidi; L. H. Ali; Dh. F. Al-Rawi. "THE EFFECTS OF SINGLE CELL OIL (SCO) PRODUCED FROM BACILLUS SUBTILUS ON CERTAIN HISTOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN LABORATORY RATS". , 22, 1, 2024, 429-454. doi: 10.32649/ajas.2024.183744
D. M. Al-Obeidi, W., H. Ali, L., F. Al-Rawi, D. (2024). 'THE EFFECTS OF SINGLE CELL OIL (SCO) PRODUCED FROM BACILLUS SUBTILUS ON CERTAIN HISTOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN LABORATORY RATS', , 22(1), pp. 429-454. doi: 10.32649/ajas.2024.183744
D. M. Al-Obeidi, W., H. Ali, L., F. Al-Rawi, D. THE EFFECTS OF SINGLE CELL OIL (SCO) PRODUCED FROM BACILLUS SUBTILUS ON CERTAIN HISTOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN LABORATORY RATS. , 2024; 22(1): 429-454. doi: 10.32649/ajas.2024.183744

THE EFFECTS OF SINGLE CELL OIL (SCO) PRODUCED FROM BACILLUS SUBTILUS ON CERTAIN HISTOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN LABORATORY RATS

Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Volume 22, Issue 1, June 2024, Pages 429-454    PDF (1.85 M)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.32649/ajas.2024.183744
Authors
W. D. M. Al-Obeidi; L. H. Ali; Dh. F. Al-Rawi
Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Anbar
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Single Cell Oil (SCO) produced from Bacillus subtilis bacteria on certain biochemical variables in the liver and kidneys of laboratory rats, as well as its impact on their tissues. Sixteen male laboratory rats were used and divided into four groups, with each group receiving doses every 48 hours for a period of 21 days. The results showed a significant increase in the levels of Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and Malondialdehyde (MDA), and a decrease in the concentration of Glutathione (GSH) and Catalase (CAT) in the fourth group compared to the control group. The second group did not exhibit any significant changes in the levels of AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol, or triglycerides. Conversely, the third group demonstrated a significant decrease in the levels of AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, triglycerides, and MDA compared to the control group. Histological examination revealed no changes in the liver and kidneys of the second group compared to the control group. The third group showed a normal cellular pattern with the onset of minor histological changes, whereas the fourth group exhibited histological abnormalities in the liver, including thickening of the central vein wall with amyloid deposition (AM), bile duct hardening (BC), infiltration of lymphoid cells (LI), necrosis (N), and degeneration (D) in some cells. In the kidneys of the fourth group, severe histological changes were observed, characterized by the destruction of the glomeruli (DG), desquamation of some urinary tubules (DE), hemorrhage (H), infiltration of lymphocytes (LI), degeneration (D) in some tubule cells, and thickening of the vascular wall (TW).
Keywords
Single Cell Oil; Bacillus Subtilus; Amyloid; Degeneration; MDA; GSH Rats
References
  1. Abdalla, O. A., Gadalla, H. A., and Abd-Elhamid, G. M. (2019). Selective Hematological, Serum Biochemical, Oxidant and Antioxidant Profile in Chronic Toxicity of Albino Rats with Lead Acetate and treated with α-Linolenic Acid. Alexandria Journal for Veterinary Sciences, 63(1): 18-25. DOI: 10.5455/ajvs.45504.
  2. Aboonabi, A., Rahmat, A., and Othman, F. (2014). Effect of pomegranate on histopathology of liver and kidney on generated oxidative stress diabetic induced rats. J Cytol Histol, 6(1): 2-5.‏ http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7099.1000294.
  3. Aebi, H. (1984). [13] Catalase in vitro. In Methods in enzymology, 105: 121-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3.
  4. Allain, C. C., Poon, L. S., Chan, C. S., Richmond, W. F. P. C., and Fu, P. C. (1974). Enzymatic determination of total serum cholesterol. Clinical chemistry, 20(4): 470-475. https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/20.4.470.
  5. Al-Obeidi, W. D. M., Al-Rawi, D. F., and Ali, L. H. (2023). Production of Single-Cell Oil from a Local Isolate Bacillus subtilis Using Palm Fronds. International Journal of Biomaterials, 2023.‏ https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8882842.
  6. Alvarez, H., and Steinbüchel, A. (2002). Triacylglycerols in prokaryotic microorganisms. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 60: 367-376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-002-1135-0.‏
  7. Armenta, R. E., and Valentine, M. C. (2013). Single-cell oils as a source of omega-3 fatty acids: an overview of recent advances. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 90(2): 167-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-012-2154-3.
  8. Bajwa, K., Bishnoi, N., Toor, M., Gupta, S., Sharma, P., Kirrolia, A., ... and Selvan, S. (2018). Isolation, screening, characterization of indigenous oleaginous bacteria: evaluation of various carbon and nitrogen sources as substrates for single celled oil producing bacteria. Asian Journal of Biotechnology and Bioresource Technology, 3(1): 1-12.‏ https://doi.org/10.9734/AJB2T/2018/39260.
  9. Bancroft, J. D., and Stevens, A. (1990). Theory and practice of histological techniques.
  10. Basuny, A. M., and Fatemah, A. H. (2022). Production of single cell oil from algae. Eurasian Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 1(1): 33-38.‏
  11. Burgstaller, L., Oliver, L., Dietrich, T., and Neureiter, M. (2023). Pilot scale production of single cell oil by Apiotrichum brassicae and Pichia kudriavzevii from acetic acid and propionic acid. Applied Sciences, 13(8): 4674.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/app13084674.
  12. Chalima, A., Taxeidis, G., and Topakas, E. (2020). Optimization of the production of docosahexaenoic fatty acid by the heterotrophic microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii utilizing a dark fermentation effluent. Renewable energy, 152: 102-109.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.01.041.
  13. Chaney, A. L., and Marbach, E. P. (1962). Modified reagents for determination of urea and ammonia. Clinical chemistry, 8(2): 130-132.‏ https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/8.2.130.
  14. Di Meo, S., and Venditti, P. (2020). Evolution of the knowledge of free radicals and other oxidants. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2020.‏ https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/9829176.
  15. Diwan, B., and Gupta, P. (2018). Broth recycling in high carbon demanding single cell oil fermentation increased the product to effluent generation ratio. Process biochemistry, 75: 68-73.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2018.09.008.
  16. Domínguez, R., Pateiro, M., Purriños, L., Munekata, P. E. S., Echegaray, N., and Lorenzo, J. M. (2022). Introduction and classification of lipids. In Food Lipids, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-823371-9.00018-6.
  17. Egert, S., Lindenmeier, M., Harnack, K., Krome, K., Erbersdobler, H. F., Wahrburg, U., and Somoza, V. (2012). Margarines fortified with α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, or docosahexaenoic acid alter the fatty acid composition of erythrocytes but do not affect the antioxidant status of healthy adults. The Journal of nutrition, 142(9): 1638-1644. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.112.161802.
  18. Eguchi, N., Vaziri, N. D., Dafoe, D. C., and Ichii, H. (2021). The role of oxidative stress in pancreatic β cell dysfunction in diabetes. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(4): 1509.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041509.
  19. Fortin, É., Blouin, R., Lapointe, J., Petit, H. V., and Palin, M. F. (2017). Linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid and enterolactone affect lipid oxidation and expression of lipid metabolism and antioxidant-related genes in hepatic tissue of dairy cows. British journal of nutrition, 117(9): 1199-1211.‏ https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114517000976.
  20. Fossati, P., and Prencipe, L. (1982). The determination of triglyceride using enzymatic methods. Clin. Chem, 28: 2077-2080.
  21. Galmessa, U., Kimoth, S. P., Mohammed, S., and Dang, A. K. (2017). Changes occurring in some biochemical markers of fat supplemented dairy cows during transition period under tropical conditions. Journal of Science and Sustainable Development, 5(2): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.20372/au.jssd.5.2.2017.070.
  22. Gao, X., Chang, S., Liu, S., Peng, L., Xie, J., Dong, W., ... and Sheng, J. (2020). Correlations between α-linolenic acid-improved multitissue homeostasis and gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet. Msystems, 5(6): 10-1128.‏ https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00391-20.
  23. Gavahian, M., Khaneghah, A. M., Lorenzo, J. M., Munekata, P. E., Garcia-Mantrana, I., Collado, M. C., ... and Barba, F. J. (2019). Health benefits of olive oil and its components: Impacts on gut microbiota antioxidant activities, and prevention of noncommunicable diseases. Trends in food science and technology, 88: 220-227.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.008.
  24. Ghazani, S. M., and Marangoni, A. G. (2022). Microbial lipids for foods. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 119: 593-607.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.10.014.
  25. Ghnimi, S., Budilarto, E., and Kamal‐Eldin, A. (2017). The new paradigm for lipid oxidation and insights to microencapsulation of omega‐3 fatty acids. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 16(6): 1206-1218. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12300.
  26. Gonçalves, N. B., Bannitz, R. F., Silva, B. R., Becari, D. D., Poloni, C., Gomes, P. M., ... and Foss-Freitas, M. C. (2018). α-Linolenic acid prevents hepatic steatosis and improves glucose tolerance in mice fed a high-fat diet. Clinics, 73.‏
  27. Gorte, O., Hollenbach, R., Papachristou, I., Steinweg, C., Silve, A., Frey, W., ... and Ochsenreither, K. (2020). Evaluation of downstream processing, extraction, and quantification strategies for single cell oil produced by the oleaginous yeasts Saitozyma podzolica DSM 27192 and Apiotrichum porosum DSM 27194. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8: 355.‏ https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.00355.
  28. Granado-Casas, M., and Mauricio, D. (2019). Oleic acid in the diet and what it does: Implications for diabetes and its complications. In Bioactive food as dietary interventions for diabetes, 211-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813822-9.00014-X.
  29. Helvaci, M. R., Abyad, A., and Pocock, L. (2020). The safest upper limit of triglycerides in the plasma. Middle East Journal of Family Medicine, 7(10): 16.‏‏
  30. Heshmati, J., Morvaridzadeh, M., Maroufizadeh, S., Akbari, A., Yavari, M., Amirinejad, A., ... and Sepidarkish, M. (2019). Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation and oxidative stress parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Pharmacological research, 149, 104462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104462.
  31. Jones, A. D., Boundy-Mills, K. L., Barla, G. F., Kumar, S., Ubanwa, B., and Balan, V. (2019). Microbial lipid alternatives to plant lipids. Microbial lipid production: methods and protocols, 1-32.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9484-7_1.
  32. Kei, S. (1978). Serum lipid peroxide in cerebrovascular disorders determined by a new colorimetric method. Clinica chimica acta, 90(1): 37-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(78)90081-5.
  33. Lagus, T. P., and Edd, J. F. (2013). A review of the theory, methods and recent applications of high-throughput single-cell droplet microfluidics. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 46(11): 114005. DOI 10.1088/0022-3727/46/11/114005.
  34. Lee, S. A., Whenham, N., and Bedford, M. R. (2019). Review on docosahexaenoic acid in poultry and swine nutrition: Consequence of enriched animal products on performance and health characteristics. Animal Nutrition, 5(1): 11-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2018.09.001.
  35. Li, X., Lin, Y., Chang, M., Jin, Q., and Wang, X. (2015). Efficient production of arachidonic acid by Mortierella alpina through integrating fed-batch culture with a two-stage pH control strategy. Bioresource Technology, 181: 275-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.009.
  36. Liang, F., and Yan, B. (2020). Oxidative damage in the liver and kidney induced by dermal exposure to diisononyl phthalate in Balb/c mice. Toxicology and Industrial Health, 36(1): 30-40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233719900861.
  37. Maghsoud-Nia, L., Asle-Rousta, M., Rahnema, M., and Amini, R. (2021). Sesame oil and its component oleic acid ameliorate behavioral and biochemical alterations in socially isolated rats. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science, 45: 1155-1163.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-021-01098-0.
  38. Manuel, C. R., Charron, M. J., Ashby Jr, C. R., and Reznik, S. E. (2018). Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids differentially regulate in vitro and ex vivo placental antioxidant capacity. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 80(3): e12868. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.12868.
  39. Miranda, C., Bettencourt, S., Pozdniakova, T., Pereira, J., Sampaio, P., Franco-Duarte, R., and Pais, C. (2020). Modified high-throughput Nile red fluorescence assay for the rapid screening of oleaginous yeasts using acetic acid as carbon source. BMC microbiology, 20: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-01742-6.
  40. Nakamura, H., Tsujiguchi, H., Kambayashi, Y., Hara, A., Miyagi, S., Yamada, Y., ... and Nakamura, H. (2019). Relationship between saturated fatty acid intake and hypertension and oxidative stress. Nutrition, 61: 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2018.10.020.‏
  41. Ochsenreither, K., Glück, C., Stressler, T., Fischer, L., and Syldatk, C. (2016). Production strategies and applications of microbial single cell oils. Frontiers in microbiology, 7: 209534.‏ https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01539.
  42. Osman, M. E., Abdel-Razik, A. B., Zaki, K. I., Mamdouh, N., and El-Sayed, H. (2022). Isolation, molecular identification of lipid-producing Rhodotorula diobovata: optimization of lipid accumulation for biodiesel production. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 20(1): 32.‏ https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-022-00304-9.
  43. Palomino, O. M., Giordani, V., Chowen, J., Fernández-Alfonso, M. S., and Goya, L. (2022). Physiological doses of oleic and palmitic acids protect human endothelial cells from oxidative stress. Molecules, 27(16): 5217. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165217.‏
  44. Panth, N., Abbott, K. A., Dias, C. B., Wynne, K., and Garg, M. L. (2018). Differential effects of medium-and long-chain saturated fatty acids on blood lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 108(4): 675-687. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy167.
  45. Pastor, R., Bouzas, C., and Tur, J. A. (2021). Beneficial effects of dietary supplementation with olive oil, oleic acid, or hydroxytyrosol in metabolic syndrome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 172: 372-385.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.017.
  46. Rašić, D., Micek, V., Klarić, M. S., and Peraica, M. (2019). Oxidative stress as a mechanism of combined OTA and CTN toxicity in rat plasma, liver and kidney. Human and experimental toxicology, 38(4): 434-445. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327118819049.
  47. Reitman, S., and Frankel, S. (1957). A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. American journal of clinical pathology, 28(1): 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/28.1.56.
  48. Ren, X., Liu, Y., Fan, C., Hong, H., Wu, W., Zhang, W., and Wang, Y. (2022). Production, processing, and protection of microalgal n-3 pufa-rich oil. Foods, 11(9): 1215.‏ https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11091215.
  49. Ruan, X., Sun, Y., Du, W., Tang, Y., Liu, Q., Zhang, Z., ... and Tsang, D. C. (2019). Formation, characteristics, and applications of environmentally persistent free radicals in biochars: a review. Bioresource technology, 281: 457-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.105.
  50. Samarghandian, S., Azimi-Nezhad, M., Farkhondeh, T., and Samini, F. (2017). Anti-oxidative effects of curcumin on immobilization-induced oxidative stress in rat brain, liver and kidney. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 87: 223-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.12.105.
  51. Searcy, R. L., Wilding, P., and Berk, J. E. (1967). An appraisal of methods for serum amylase determination. Clinica Chimica Acta, 15(2): 189-197.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-8981(67)90053-8.
  52. Sedlak, J., and Lindsay, R. H. (1968). Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with Ellman's reagent. Analytical biochemistry, 25: 192-205.‏
  53. Suanarunsawat, T., Anantasomboon, G., and Piewbang, C. (2016). Anti-diabetic and anti-oxidative activity of fixed oil extracted from Ocimum sanctum L. leaves in diabetic rats. Experimental and therapeutic medicine, 11(3): 832-840. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.2991.
  54. Tamer, F., Ulug, E., Akyol, A., and Nergiz-Unal, R. (2020). The potential efficacy of dietary fatty acids and fructose induced inflammation and oxidative stress on the insulin signaling and fat accumulation in mice. Food and chemical toxicology, 135: 110914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.110914.
  55. Tan, B. L., and Norhaizan, M. E. (2019). Effect of high-fat diets on oxidative stress, cellular inflammatory response and cognitive function. Nutrients, 11(11): 2579. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112579.‏
  56. Tietz, N. W. (1995). Clinical guide to laboratory tests. In Clinical guide to laboratory tests, pp. 1096-1096.‏
  57. Umesha, S. S., and Naidu, K. A. (2012). Vegetable oil blends with α-linolenic acid rich Garden cress oil modulate lipid metabolism in experimental rats. Food Chemistry, 135(4): 2845-2851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.05.118.
  58. Vicente, G., Bautista, L. F., Rodríguez, R., Gutiérrez, F. J., Sádaba, I., Ruiz-Vázquez, R. M., ... and Garre, V. (2009). Biodiesel production from biomass of an oleaginous fungus. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 48(1): 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2009.07.014.
  59. Vodošek Hojs, N., Bevc, S., Ekart, R., and Hojs, R. (2020). Oxidative stress markers in chronic kidney disease with emphasis on diabetic nephropathy. Antioxidants, 9(10): 925 https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9100925.
  60. Walsh, A. M., Crispie, F., Kilcawley, K., O’Sullivan, O., O’Sullivan, M. G., Claesson, M. J., and Cotter, P. D. (2016). Microbial succession and flavor production in the fermented dairy beverage kefir. Msystems, 1(5): 10-1128.‏ https://doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00052-16.
  61. Wang, J., Zhang, H. J., Xu, L., Long, C., Samuel, K. G., Yue, H. Y., ... and Qi, G. H. (2016). Dietary supplementation of pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium protects against oxidative stress and liver damage in laying hens fed an oxidized sunflower oil-added diet. Animal, 10(7): 1129-1136. https://doi.org/10.1017/S175173111600001X.
  62. Yamagata, K. (2023). Docosahexaenoic acid inhibits ischemic stroke to reduce vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Prostaglandins and Other Lipid Mediators, 106733.‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2023.106733.
  63. Yu, L., Yuan, M., and Wang, L. (2017). The effect of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 33(4): 1022.‏ https://doi.org/10.12669%2Fpjms.334.12315.
  64. Yue, H., Qiu, B., Jia, M., Liu, W., Guo, X. F., Li, N., ... and Li, D. (2021). Effects of α-linolenic acid intake on blood lipid profiles： a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 61(17): 2894-2910.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1790496.
  65. Zhang, Q., Xu, F., Li, Y., Zheng, M., Xi, X., and Han, C. (2018). Silybum marianum seeds oil attenuates CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis via regulation of inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Current Nutrition and Food Science, 14(3): 197-203. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401313666170609100551.‏
  66. Zheng, Y. Z., Fu, Z. M., Deng, G., Guo, R., and Chen, D. F. (2020). Free radical scavenging potency of ellagic acid and its derivatives in multiple H+/e‒processes. Phytochemistry, 180: 112517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112517.
Statistics
Article View: 1,203
PDF Download: 221


Journal Management System. Powered by iJournalPro.com