The effect of colours used in secondary schools on the efficiency of learning

Mohammed, Enaam Majeed

doi:10.63463/kjes1123

	The effect of colours used in secondary schools on the efficiency of learning
Kerbala Journal for Engineering Sciences (KJES)
Volume 4, Issue 3, September 2024, Pages 159-177 PDF (1017.76 K)
Document Type: Research Article
DOI: 10.63463/kjes1123
Author
Enaam Majeed Mohammed^*
Ministry of Education, Iraq / Kirkuk General Education Directorate
Abstract
The educational environment includes many educational and architectural factors. The current study investigates the effect of colors on the efficiency and quality of the learning process. The physical environment should be a living and dynamic factor in the quality of students' education. The study aims to enhance and support the findings of previous relevant studies, which emphasized the effect of colors as a means of conveying meanings that affect students’ behavior and understanding. The study used the quantitative survey method and questionnaire as a means of collecting information in secondary schools, with 175 male and 175 female students. A questionnaire was made for nine colors, six monochromatic colors Yellow, Orange (Yellow orang), Green, Blue, White, and Grey, and three colors with complementary movement, Blue + Yellow, Greenish yellow + Blue, and Reddish yellow + Greenish blue. The results showed that cold colors with a complementary color, such as blue + yellow, green yellow + blue, and reddish yellow + green blue, are preferred and are the most used in the educational environment, followed by single cold colors such as green and blue, as these colors are considered comfortable and soothing to the eyes due to their short wavelength, which helps... Increasing focus and attention for longer periods without feeling bored, meaning that it is likely to be used in educational spaces because it positively affects the perception and understanding of recipients and can help create an ideal educational environment that combines focus and psychological and visual comfort. On the other hand, colors with high wavelengths (warm colors), such as red, and neutral colors, such as gray, are the colors of anxiety, fear, and boredom, and can create an atmosphere charged with tension, lack of concentration, and boredom in educational environments, which negatively affects students’ performance.
Keywords
: Colour; Architecture; Education; secondary school; efficient learning

References
[1] Hunjet, A.; Pouzdanost R.A.L.(2002). sustava uređenosti boja, Psihologija boja, Magistarski rad, Tekstilnotehnološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. [2] Hunjet, A. (2006). Utjecaj okoline na doživljaj boje, doktorska disertacija, Sveučilište u Zagrebu Tekstilno-tehnološki fakultet, Zagreb. [3] Parac-Osterman, Đ. (2007). Osnove o boji i sustavi vrjednovanja. Tekstilno-tehnološki fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Grafički zavod Hrvatske, d.o.o., Zagreb, ISBN 978-953-7105-11-2. [4]. Berlin, B. and Kay, P. (1969). Basic Color Terms. University of California Press, Berkeley [5] Vakili, H.; Niakan , M. H. and Najafi, N. (2019). ‘The Effect of Classroom Red Walls on the Students’ Aggression’. International Journal of School Health In Press (In Press). https://doi.org/10.5812/intjsh.86207. [6] Cartwright, B. (2018). Your Guide to Colors: Color Theory, The Color Wheel, and How to Choose a Color Scheme. Retrieved from https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/colortheory-desig [7] Jonauskaite, D.; Dael, N.; Chèvre, L.; Althaus, B.; Tremea, A.; Charalambides, L. and Mohr, C. (2019). Pink for girls, red for boys, and blue for both genders. Colour preferences in children and adults, Sex Roles, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-018- 0955-z [8] Jonauskaite, D.; Althaus, B.; Dael, N.; Dan-Glauser, E.; Mohr, C. (2018). Color Res Appl., 1–13. [9] Cochrane, S. (2014). The Munsell Color System: A scientific compromise from the world of art. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 47: 26-41 [10] Sebastian, D. (2020). ‘Colour Psychology in Retirement Homes’. Victoria University of Wellington Wellington School of Architecture. https://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/xmlui/bitstr [11] Helvacıoğlu, E. (2011). Colour emotion assosiation in interior spaces. Doctoral dissertation, Bilkent University. [12] Tofle, R. B.; Schwarz, B.; Yoon, S.-Y. and Max-Royale, A. (2003). colour in health care environments. 220 Pacific Avenue, 6B San Francisco, CA 94115: The Coalition for Health Environments Research (CHER). [13] Meyerhoff, Viviane Lee. (2016). ‘The Effect of Visual Art Design on Mood, Creativity and Stereotypical Differences in Gender’. University of Twente. https://essay.utwente.nl/69979/1/ [14] Ghashghaei, A.; Hussien, H.; Ghaffarianhosein, A. and Ghaffarianhoseini, A. (2017). ‘An Experimental. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cool Colors as Environmental Stimulus on the Elderlies in Highrise Condominiums of Kuala Lump, Journal of Design and Built Environment. 17 (1). [15] Armaki, M. A. and Farhadnia, N. (2021). The Effect of Color on Learning Efficiency among Primary School Students in Noorabad Delfan, Iran . Int J Pediatr., 9 (7): No.91 [16] Ahmadi, N. and Tabaeian, S.M. (2017). The Role of Color in Improving the Educational Environment Quality. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 7(2) [17] Engelbrecht, K. (2003) “The Impact of Color on Learning”, Chicago, IL: Perkins & Will. [18] Hathaway, W. E. (1987) “Light, colour & air quality: important elements of the learning environment”, Educ. Canada, 27 (3): pp. 35-44. [19] Mehta, R. and Zhu, R. J. (2009) “Blue or red? Exploring the effect of color on cognitive task performances”. Science, 323 (5918): 1226-1229. [20] Xia, T.; Song, L.; Wang, T.T.; Tan, L. and Mo, L. (2016). “Exploring the effect of red and blue on cognitive task performances” . Front. Psychol., 7(784) doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00784 [21] Ahmadi, A. and Tabaeian, S. M. (2017). The Role of Color in Improving the Educational Environment Quality. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development, 7(2): Spring. [22] Zhu, K. (2016). The Application of Color Design in Living Space, 2nd International Conference on Education Technology, Management and Humanities Science (ETMHS 2016) The authors - Published by Atlantis Press [23] Ćurčić, A. A.; Keković, A.; Ranđelović, D. and Momčilović-Petronijević, A. (2019). EFFECTS OF COLOR IN INTERIOR DESIGN, Contemporary achievements in civil engineering 2019. Subotica, SERBIA, PROCEEDINGS 7th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE [24] Taheri, Z. (2019). Studying the Effect of Classroom Interior Design on the Happiness and Mental Health of the Female Adolescent Students. J Biochem Tech., Special Issue (2): 138-148 ISSN: 0974-2328 9 [25] Llinares, C.; Higuera-Trujillo, J.L. and Serra, J. (2021) Cold and warm coloured classrooms. Effects on students’ Attention and memory measured through psychological and neurophysiological responses. Building and Environment, 196 (107726) [26] Ghashghaei, A.; Hussien, H.; Ghaffarianhosein, A. and Ghaffarianhoseini, A. (2017). ‘An Experimental. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Cool Colors as Environmental Stimulus on the Elderlies in Highrise Condominiums of Kuala Lump. Journal of Design and Built Environment, 17 (1). [27] Hoppu, U.; Puputti, S.; Aisala, H.; Laaksonen, O. and Sandell, M. (2018). Individual Differences in the Perception of Color Solutions. Foods, 7(9):154. 30 [28] G. Meerwein, B. Rodeck, F. Mahnke. (1998) “Color communication in architectural space”. Birkhauser Verlag AG, Basel, Switzerland 31 [29] Alejandro, B. and Maria, A. (2010). “Light, Color, Sound: Sensory effects in contemporary architecture”. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, London 32 [30]-Rosenqvist, T. Color and Competence: A New View of Color Perception. In Life and Mind: New Directions in the Philosophy of Biology and Cognitive Sciences. Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland [31] Hettiarachchi, A. A. and Nayanathara , A.S.(2017) The effect of classroom color on learning with reference to primary education; a case study in Sri Lanka, Conference: International Conference on Global Education and ELearning, Colombo, Sri Lanka. [32] Brooker, A . and Franklin, A. (2016). The effect of color on children's cognitive performance. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(2):241-55 [33] Jeddi, L. K. (2016). ‘The Analysis of Effect of Colour Psychology on Environmental Graphic in Children Ward at Medical Centres’. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences 5 (2): 51. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.pbs.20160502.12. [34] Thung, C. X. and Ahmad, H. (2022). Colour psychology in kindergarten classroom. ARTEKS: Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur, 7 (1): pISSN 2541-0598; eISSN 2541-1217 [35] Kumi, R.; Conway, C. M.; Limayem, M. and Goyal, S. (2013). Research article learning in color: how color and affect influence learning outcomes. IEEE transactions on professional communication, 56 (1): 2-15. [36] NAz, K. and Epps, H. (2004) Relationship between color and emotion: A study of college students. College Student J., 38(3): 396. [37] Gatzia, D. E.; Einsporn, R. L. and Ramsier, R. (2017). Enhancing student understanding of color perception: a teaching activity on intersubjective color variations. The American Biology Teacher, 79(4), 321- 328 [38] Hidayetoglu, M. L.; Yildirim, K. and Cagatay, K. (2010) “The effects of training and spatial experience on the perception of the interior of buildings with a high level of complexity”, Sci. Res. Essays, 5 (5), pp. 428-439. [39] Yildirim, K.; Cagatay, K. and Ayalp, N. (2014) “Effect of wall colour on the perception of classrooms”, Indoor Built Environ., 24 (5), pp. 607-6 40-AL‐Ayash, A.; Kane, R. T.; Smith, D. and Green‐Armytage, P. (2016). The influence of color on student emotion, heart rate, and performance in learning environments. Color Research & Application, 41(2): 196- 205.
Statistics Article View: 4,121 PDF Download: 244