Virtual Reality in Veterinary Anatomy Teaching: A Review of Global Experiences and Its Relevance for Veterinary Education in Iraq

Altaey, Omar Younis; Hasan, Ali Ahmed; Sadeq, Saddam Abdalhussein

doi:10.29079/qjvms.2024.152946.1036

	Virtual Reality in Veterinary Anatomy Teaching: A Review of Global Experiences and Its Relevance for Veterinary Education in Iraq
Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences
Volume 23, Issue 2, December 2024, Pages 48-57 PDF (893.1 K)
Document Type: Review Paper
DOI: 10.29079/qjvms.2024.152946.1036
Authors
omar younis altaey^* ¹; Ali Ahmed Hasan²; Saddam Abdalhussein Sadeq³
¹Department of anatomy, Veterinary medicine college, Mosul university, Mosul, Iraq
²Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
³Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
Abstract
Anatomy is the basic medical science in veterinary education, Traditionally, anatomy taught for many years through dissection and examination of cadavers. However, the advanced virtual technology present potential and promising teaching capabilities, therefore the current study intended to review the global experiences about application of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) in veterinary anatomy, evaluate its benefits, and provide a recommendation to enhance anatomy teaching at the educational institutes in Iraq.An extensive search related to the using of VR and AR technologies in the anatomy and medical teaching was performed through researches online databases like (Google scholar, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and PubMed (, then papers collected, analyzed, and explained. The majority of the research indicates that VR and AR technologies present beneficial learning experience, providing better information retention, more interactive learning, enabling remote accessibility, and reduce exposure time to formaldehyde gases. Furthermore, establishing VR and AR laboratories requires minimal equipment and spaces, cost-effective compared to the periodic need for the cadavers, preservatives, and dissecting tools. Future Iraqi laboratory should consider incorporating VR/AR units, implementing mandatory staff and students training, and encouraging the utilization of these technologies in medical sciences, particularly in the field of anatomy, as they offer valuable learning advantages
Keywords
Anatomy; Augmented reality; interactive learning; Veterinary; Virtual reality

References
1-Little WB, Artemiou E, Fuentealba C, Conan A, Sparks C. Veterinary students and faculty partner in developing a virtual three-dimensional (3D) interactive touch screen canine anatomy table. Med Sci Educ. 2019; 29:223-31. DOI:10.1007/s40670-018-00675-0 2-Hackmann CH, Dos Reis DD, de-Assis-Neto AC. Digital revolution in veterinary anatomy: confection of anatomical models of canine stomach by scanning and three-dimensional printing (3D). Int J Morphol. 2019 ;37(2): 486-90.DOI:10.4067/s0717-95022019000200486 3-Muntahir MI, Sukaridhoto S, Basuki DK, Budiarti RP, Al-Hafidz IA, Fajrianti ED, Hanifati K, Satrio NA, Syahry A. Implementation of immersive technology on medical education. In2022 International Electronics Symposium (IES) 2022.pp. 651-657. DOI:10.1109/IES55876.2022.9888379 4-Lewis TL, Burnett B, Tunstall RG, Abrahams PH. Complementing anatomy education using three‐dimensional anatomy mobile software applications on tablet computers. Clin Anat. 2014 ;27(3):313-20. DOI: 10.1002/ca.22256 5-Allen LK, Bhattacharyya S, Wilson TD. Development of an interactive anatomical three‐dimensional eye model. Anat Sci Educ. 2015 May;8(3):275-82. DOI: 10.1002/ase.1487 6-Codd AM, Choudhury B. Virtual reality anatomy: Is it comparable with traditional methods in the teaching of human forearm musculoskeletal anatomy?. Anat Sci Educ. 2011;4(3):119-25. DOI: 10.1002/ase.214 7-Nicholson DT, Chalk C, Funnell WR, Daniel SJ. Can virtual reality improve anatomy education? A randomised controlled study of a computer‐generated three‐dimensional anatomical ear model Med Educ. 2006;40(11):1081-7. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02611.x 8-Chytas D, Johnson EO, Piagkou M, Mazarakis A, Babis GC, Chronopoulos E, Nikolaou VS, Lazaridis N, Natsis K. The role of augmented reality in anatomical education: An overview. Ann Anat. 2020; 229:151463. DOI:10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151463 9-Albrecht UV, von Jan U, Kuebler J, Zoeller C, Lacher M, Muensterer OJ, Ettinger M, Klintschar M, Hagemeier L. Google Glass for documentation of medical findings: evaluation in forensic medicine. J Med Int Res. 2014 ;16(2):e3225. DOI:10.2196/jmir.3225 10-Montes WB, Gómez JM. Implementar la realidad virtual en la enseñanza de anatomía una necesidad en la formación de profesionales de la salud. Morfolia. 2021;13(3):11-8.[available at] 11-Mehraeen E, Mehrtak M, SeyedAlinaghi S, Nazeri Z, Afsahi AM, Behnezhad F, Vahedi F, Barzegary A, Karimi A, Mehrabi N, Dadras O. Technology in the era of COVID-19: a systematic review of current evidence. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2022;22(4):51-60.DOI:10.2174/1871526522666220324090245 12-Shamsabadi A, Pashaei Z, Karimi A, Mirzapour P, Qaderi K, Marhamati M, Barzegary A, Fakhfouri A, Mehraeen E, SeyedAlinaghi S, Dadras O. Retracted: Internet of things in the management of chronic diseases during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review. Health Sci Rep. 2022;5(2): e557. DOI:10.1002/hsr2.557 13-Kapoor K, Singh A. Veterinary anatomy teaching from real to virtual reality: An unprecedented shift during COVID‐19 in socially distant era. Anat Histol Embryol. 2022;51(2):163-9. DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12783 14-Bohil CJ, Alicea B, Biocca FA. Virtual reality in neuroscience research and therapy. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12(12):752-62. DOI: 10.1038/nrn3122 15-Moro C, Štromberga Z, Raikos A, Stirling A. The effectiveness of virtual and augmented reality in health sciences and medical anatomy. Anat Sci Educ. 2017;10(6):549-59. DOI:10.1002/ase.1696 16-Berryman DR. Augmented reality: a review. Medical reference services quarterly. 2012 ;31(2):212-8. DOI: 10.1080/02763869.2012.670604 17-Mandal S. Brief introduction of virtual reality & its challenges. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 2013;4(4):304-9. [available at] 18-Williams CB, Baillie J, Gillies DF, Borislow D, Cotton PB. Teaching gastrointestinal endoscopy by computer simulation: a prototype for colonoscopy and ERCP. Gastrointest Endosc. 1990 ;36(1):49-54. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5107(90)70923-6 19-Breimer GE, Haji FA, Bodani V, Cunningham MS, Lopez-Rios AL, Okrainec A, Drake JM. Simulation-based education for endoscopic third ventriculostomy: a comparison between virtual and physical training models. Oper Neurosurg. 2017;13(1):89-95. DOI: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000001317 20-Soomro NI, Bakhtiar SM. Image-based modeling and precision medicine. InProgress and Challenges in Precision Medicine 2017. pp. 141-170. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-809411-2.00008-8 21-Malinowski R. 3D K9: Using QuickTime VR to teach veterinary anatomy. Michigan State University; 2003: https://www.learntechlib.org/p/128409/ 22-Erolin C, Reid L, McDougall S. Using virtual reality to complement and enhance anatomy education. J Vis Commun Med. 2019 ;42(3):93-101. DOI:10.1080/17453054.2019.1597626 23-Falah J, Khan S, Alfalah T, Alfalah SF, Chan W, Harrison DK, Charissis V. Virtual Reality medical training system for anatomy education. In2014 Science and information conference 2014.pp. 752-758. DOI:10.1109/SAI.2014.6918271 24-Schroeder WJ, Avila LS, Hoffman W. Visualizing with VTK: a tutorial.Computer graphics and applications. 2000;20(5):20-7.DOI:10.1109/38.865875 25-Fedorov A, Beichel R, Kalpathy-Cramer J, Finet J, Fillion-Robin JC, Pujol S, Bauer C, Jennings D, Fennessy F, Sonka M, Buatti J. 3D Slicer as an image computing platform for the Quantitative Imaging Network. Magn Reson Imaging. 2012;30(9): 1323-41.DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2012.05.001 26-Lopes DS, Martins JA, Pires EB, Rodrigues LB, Las Casas EB, Faleiros RR. A geometric modeling pipeline for bone structures based on computed tomography data: a veterinary study. TAVARES, JMRS; NATAL JORGE, RM Computational vision and medical image processing. Oxford. 2007:217-22. 27-DeBose K. Virtual Anatomy: expanding veterinary student learning. J. Med. Libr. Assoc. 2020;108(4):647. DOI:10.5195/jmla.2020.1057 28-Singh N, Banga HS. Librarian-Scientist (s) Collaboration in Harnessing the Potential of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) for Veterinary and Animal Sciences Education and Training: A Success Story of Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana.2023 [available at] 29-De Faria JW, Teixeira MJ, Júnior LD, Otoch JP, Figueiredo EG. Virtual and stereoscopic anatomy: when virtual reality meets medical education. J. neurosurg. 2016;125(5):1105-11. DOI: 10.3171/2015.8.jns141563 30-Maresky HS, Oikonomou A, Ali I, Ditkofsky N, Pakkal M, Ballyk B. Virtual reality and cardiac anatomy: Exploring immersive three‐dimensional cardiac imaging, a pilot study in undergraduate medical anatomy education. Clin.Anat. 2019;32(2):238-43.DOI: 10.1002/ca.23292 31-Stepan K, Zeiger J, Hanchuk S, Del Signore A, Shrivastava R, Govindaraj S, Iloreta A. Immersive virtual reality as a teaching tool for neuroanatomy. International forum of allergy & rhinology 2017;7(10):1006-013. DOI: 10.1002/alr.21986 32-Dickson J, Gardiner A, Rhind S. Veterinary anatomy education and spatial ability: where now and where next?. J. Vet Med Educ. 2022 ;49(3):297-305. DOI:10.3138/jvme.2020-0087 33-Cahyadi DD, Asfarian A, Novelina S, Setijanto H, Agungpriyono S. Virtual reality-based animal anatomy model: a new possible approach for veterinary education in Indonesia. ARSHI Veterinary Letters. 2022;6(1):11-2. DOI: 10.29244/avl.6.1.11-12 34-Al-Khalili SM, Coppoc GL. 2D and 3D stereoscopic videos used as pre-anatomy lab tools improve students' examination performance in a veterinary gross anatomy course. J. Vet. Med. Educ. 2014;41(1): 68-76.DOI: 10.3138/jvme.0613-082r 35-Osorio-Echeverri JS, Orrego-Metaute DA, Murillo-Escobar JP, Tamayo-Arango L. Three-dimensional cat virtual anatomy: development of an interactive virtual anatomical software. J Morphol Sci. 2019;36(02):105-14. DOI:10.1055/s-0039-1683964 36-McCaw K, West A, Duncan C, Frey D, Duerr F. Exploration of immersive virtual reality in teaching veterinary orthopedics. J Vet Med Educ. 2022;49(6):716-20.DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2021-0009 37-Lee S, Lee J, Lee A, Park N, Song S, Seo A, Lee H, Kim JI, Eom K. Augmented reality intravenous injection simulator-based 3D medical imaging for veterinary medicine. Vet J .2013;196(2):197-202.DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.09.015 38-Christ R, Guevar J, Poyade M, Rea PM. Proof of concept of a workflow methodology for the creation of basic canine head anatomy veterinary education tool using augmented reality. PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0195866. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0195866 39-Kinnison T, Forrest ND, Frean SP, Baillie S. Teaching bovine abdominal anatomy: Use of a haptic simulator. Anat Sci Educ. 2009;2(6): 280-5.DOI: 10.1002/ase.109 40-Birbara NS, Sammut C, Pather N. Virtual reality in anatomy: a pilot study evaluating different delivery modalities. Anat Sci Educ. 2020;13(4): 445-57.DOI: 10.1002/ase.1921 41-Oh H, Son W. Cybersickness and its severity arising from virtual reality content: A comprehensive study. Sensors. 2022;22(4): 1314.DOI: 10.3390/s22041314
Statistics Article View: 451 PDF Download: 106