Molecular analyses to identify gene resistance in pear ( pyrus communis) cultivars for the fire blight diseases in Iraqi Kurdistan region

Zuber, Sabrya Jarjees; Ali, Avesta Mohammed

doi:10.58928/ku25.16119

	Molecular analyses to identify gene resistance in pear ( pyrus communis) cultivars for the fire blight diseases in Iraqi Kurdistan region
Kirkuk University Journal for Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)
Volume 16, Issue 1, March 2025, Pages 123-133 PDF (737.26 K)
Document Type: Review Paper
DOI: 10.58928/ku25.16119
Authors
Sabrya Jarjees Zuber^* ¹; Avesta Mohammed Ali²
¹University of duhok
²Scientific Research Center, Collage of Science, University of Duhok, Iraq
Abstract
Fire blight, a bacterial infection, is caused by Erwinia amylovora, is pivotal in pear (Pyrus communis) that is a deciduous woody fruit-bearing plant that is classified within the Rosaceae family, under the subfamily Maloideae, and is part of the Pyrus genus. This fruit tree is known for shedding its leaves annually and thrives in temperate regions.The pathogen Erwinia amylovora is widely distributed in numerous countries where apple and pear cultivation is prevalent, affecting various plant species within the Rosaceae family, especially those in the Maloideae subfamily. Cultivating resistant cultivars against fire blight is highly feasible. This study utilized seven distinct primer combinations (MdE-EaN, MdE-EaK3, MdE-EaK5, MdE-EaK4, FRMB31M87, FRMb32MO4b, and FRMb32M27) to evaluate fire blight resistance presence in pear cultivars, yielding positive results in six regions in Kurdistan, Iraq. A diverse selection of examined cultivars exhibited band sizes ranging from 135 to 200 bp. The research effectively identified distinct genetic markers linked to resistance development against fire blight within specific pears cultivars. In Duhok, Harame Sherain landraces showed positive results with all primers, while Pazie also displayed positivity except with primer MdE-EaK5, while from Hawaller, Qazam, and Buharie landraces had positive outcomes in all primers except with primer MdE-EaK5, whereas Doshawe from Saylaman and Gollawie from Halbja exhibited positive results except with primer FRMB31M87. Additionally, the study recognized certain pear landraces lacking essential genes for fire blight resistance, making them vulnerable to the disease. These findings underscore the critical role of genetic factors in determining a specific level of resistance against fire blight Key words; Fire blight, Pyrus communis, Molecular investigation
Keywords
Key words; Fire blight, Pyrus communis, Molecular investigation, rsistanse gene, Erwinia amylovora

References
Aldwinckle, H. S., & Jones, A. L. (1990). Compendium of apple and pear diseases. APS press. Hedrick, U. P., Howe, G. H., Taylor, O. M., Francis, E. H., & Tukey, H. B. (1921). The pears of New York (Vol. 2). JB Lyon Company. Challice, J.S. (1973) Numerical taxonomic studies of the genus Pyrususing both chemical and botanical characters Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 67 2 121 148 Habashi, A. A., Dashti, S., Abdollahi, H., & Kermani, M. J. (2012). Comparing vacuum Agroinoculation and common Agroinoculation in two pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars “Bartlett” and “Harrow Delight”. Annals of Biological Research, 3(7), 3200-3207. Zhu, L. H., & Welander, M. (2004). Genetic transformation of pear via agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. In Transgenic Crops of the World: Essential Protocols(pp. 217-228). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Denning, W. (1794) on the decay of apple trees. Transactions of the Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts and Manufacturers, 1, 219-222. Sanin, M., Misirli, A., Ozaktan, H. (2020). Determination of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) susceptibility in Turkey’s Cydonia oblonga Mill. Germplasm. European Journal of Plant Pathology, volume 157, pp. 227-237. Pimentel D. (2021). Fire blight Erwinia amylovora. :1–24 Van der Zwet T (2006) Present worldwide distribution of fire blight and closely related diseases. Acta Hortic 704:35–36 Khan, M. A., Zhao, Y. F., & Korban, S. S. (2012). Molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis and resistance to the bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora, causal agent of fire blight disease in Rosaceae. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, 30(2), 247-260. Evrenosoğlu, Y., Mertoğlu, K., Bilgin, N. A., Misirli, A., & Özsoy, A. N. (2019). Inheritance pattern of fire blight resistance in pear. Scientia horticulturae, 246, 887-892 Evrenosoğlu, Y., Mertoğlu, K., Acarsoy Bilgin, N., Misirli, A., & Altay, Y. (2020). An Analysis on Some Reciprocal Pear Hybridization Combinations in Terms of Transferring Resistance to Fire Blight. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 62(2) pp Simionca Mărcășan, L. I., Oltean, I., Popa, S., Plazas, M., Vilanova, S., Gramazio, P., & Sestras, R. E. (2023). Comparative analysis of phenotypic and molecular data on response to main pear diseases and pest attack in a germplasm collection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(7), 6239. Gusberti, M., Klemm, U., Meier, M. S., Maurhofer, M., & Hunger-Glaser, I. (2015). Fire blight control: the struggle goes on. A comparison of different fire blight control methods in Switzerland with respect to biosafety, efficacy and durability. International journal of environmental research and public health, 12(9), 11422-11447. Kellerhals M, Székely T, Sauer C, Frey J, & Patocchi A (2009) Pyramiding scab resistances in apple breeding. ErwerbsObstbau 51:21–28. Hussein, A., Mohamed, R., & Amein, T. (2019). Biological Control of Fire Blight Disease on Pear Caused by Erwinia amylovora in Erbil Province/Iraq. Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences, 19(3), 65-71. McManus, P. S., Stockwell, V. O., Sundin, G. W., & Jones, A. L. (2002). Antibiotic use in plant agriculture. Annual review of phytopathology, 40(1), 443-465. Norelli, J. L., Jones, A. L., & Aldwinckle, H. S. (2003). Fire blight management in the twenty-first century: using new technologies that enhance host resistance in apple. Plant Disease, 87(7), 756-765. Zurn, J. D., Norelli, J. L., Montanari, S., Bell, R., & Bassil, N. V. (2020). Dissecting genetic resistance to fire blight in three pear populations. Phytopathology, 110(7), 1305-1311. Bell R.L(2019). Genetics, genomics, and breeding for fire blight resistance in pear. In: Korban S.S., editor. The Pear Genome.Springer International Publishing; Cham, Switzerland:. pp. 243–264. Khan, A., & Korban, S. S. (2022). Breeding and genetics of disease resistance in temperate fruit trees: Challenges and new opportunities. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 135(11), 3961-3985. Korban, S. S. (Ed.). (2019). the Pear Genome. Springer International Publishing. Calenge, F., Drouet, D., Denancé, C., Van de Weg, W. E., Brisset, M. N., Paulin, J. P., & Durel, C. E. (2005). Identification of a major QTL together with several minor additive or epistatic QTLs for resistance to fire blight in apple in two related progenies. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 111, 128-135. Khan, M. A., Duffy, B., Gessler, C., & Patocchi, A. (2006). QTL mapping of fire blight resistance in apple. Molecular Breeding, 17, 299-306. Peil, A., Bus, V. G. M., Geider, K., Richter, K., Flachowsky, H., & Hanke,M. V. (2009). Improvement of fire blight resistance in apple and pear. Int J Plant Breed, 3, 1–27. Durel, C. E., Denance, C., & Brisset, M. N. (2009). Two distinct major QTL for resistance to fire blight co-localize on linkage group 12 in apple genotypes ‘Evereste’and Malus floribunda clone 821. Genome, 52(2), 139-147. Le Roux, P. M., Khan, M. A., Broggini, G. A., Duffy, B., Gessler, C., & Patocchi, A. (2010). Mapping of quantitative trait loci for fire blight resistance in the apple cultivars ‘Florina’and ‘Nova Easygro’. Genome, 53(9), 710-722. Emeriewen, O., Richter, K., Kilian, A., Zini, E., Hanke, M. V., Malnoy, M., & Peil, A. (2014). Identification of a major quantitative trait locus for resistance to fire blight in the wild apple species Malus fusca. Molecular Breeding, 34, 407-419. Wöhner, T. W., Flachowsky, H., Richter, K., Garcia-Libreros, T., Trognitz, F., Hanke, M. V., & Peil, A. (2014). QTL mapping of fire blight resistance in Malus× robusta 5 after inoculation with different strains of Erwinia amylovora. Molecular breeding, 34, 217-230. Emeriewen, O. F. (2018). Fire blight resistance of the wild apple species Malus fusca(Doctoral dissertation, Dissertation, Modena, Italy, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 2015). Gardiner, S. E., Norelli, J. L., Silva, N. D., Fazio, G., Peil, A., Malnoy, M., ... & Bus, V. G. (2012). Putative resistance gene markers associated with quantitative trait loci for fire blight resistance in Malus ‘Robusta 5’accessions. BMC genetics, 13, 1-20. Dondini, L., Chiodini, R., Tartarini, S., & Sansavini, S. (2002). Pear breeding. SSR and RGA markers mapping for identification of fire blight resistance QTLs [Pyrus communis L.]. Atti VI Giornate Scientifiche SOI (Italy). Orhan, E., & Kaya, S. A (2019) Molecular Marker Identification Study for Allow Early Selection in Determination Resistant Apple Varieties and Genotypes against to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora). International Journal of Scientific and Technological Research, 10.7176/JSTR/5-8-13 Vol.5, No.8. Weigand F., Baum M. & Udupa S. (1993). DNA molecular marker technics, technical manual, No. 20 International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA). Aleppo, Syri. Emeriewen, O. F., Richter, K., Flachowsky, H., Malnoy, M., & Peil, A. (2021). Genetic analysis and fine mapping of the fire blight resistance locus of Malus× arnoldiana on linkage group 12 reveal first candidate genes. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 667133. Parravicini, G., Gessler, C., Denance, C., Lasserre‐Zuber, P. A. U. L. I. N. E., Vergne, E., Brisset, M. N., ... & Broggini, G. A. (2011). Identification of serine/threonine kinase and nucleotide‐binding site–leucine‐rich repeat (NBS‐LRR) genes in the fire blight resistance quantitative trait locus of apple cultivar ‘Evereste’. Molecular plant pathology, 12(5), 493-505. Gessler C (2011) Cisgenic disease resistant apples: a product with benefits for the environment, producer and consumer. Outlooks Pest Manag 22:216–219 Hancock, J. F., & Lobos, G. A. (2008). Pears. Temperate fruit crop breeding: germplasm to genomics, 299-336. Van der Zwet, T., & Keil, H. L. (1979). Fire blight a bacterial disease of rosaceous plants. Washington D.C: Agricultural Handbook, US Dept. of Agriculture. No 510. Steiner, P. (2000). Integrated orchard and nursery management for the control of fire blight. In J. L. Vanneste (Ed.), Fire blight, the disease and its causative agent, Erwinia amylovora (pp. 339–358). Wallingford: CABI Publishing. Van der Zwet, T., Orolaza-Halbrendt, N., & Zeller, W. (2012). Fire blight, history, biology and management.The American Phytopathological Society St. XIII, 421 p., [24] p Sobiczewski, P., Peil, A., Mikiciński, A., Richter, K., Lewandowski, M., Żurawicz, E. & Kellerhals, M. (2015). Susceptibility of apple genotypes from European genetic resources to fire blight (Erwinia amylovora). European journal of plant pathology, 141, 51-62 Özçağıran, R., Ünal, A., Özeker, E., & İsfendiyaroğlu, M. (2004). Temperate climate fruit species. Soft Seed Fruits, 2, 200. [44] Hunter, D. M., Afunian, M. R., & Goodwin, P. H. (2004) Search for Molecular Markers Linked to Fire Blight Resistance in Pear (Pyrus communis). In X International Workshop on Fire Blight 704(pp. 557-566). Van der Zwet, T., Oitto, W. A., & Westwood, M. N. (1974). Variability in degree of fire blight resistance within and between Pyrus species, interspecific hybrids, and seedling progenies. Euphytica, 23, 295-304. Koski R.D. & Jacobi W.R. (2018). Fire Blight 2907. Colorado State University Extension. [Online] Available;http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/yard-garden/fire-blight-2-907; 20.06.2018 Aldwinckle, H. S., & Zwet, T. V. D. (1979). Recent progress in breeding for fireblight resistance in apples and pears in North America 1. EPPO Bulletin, 9(1), 27-34. Korban, S. S., Ries, S. M., Klopmeyer, M. J., Morrisey, J. F., & Hattermann, D. R. (1988). Genotypic responses of scab‐resistant apple cultivars/selections to two strains of Erwinia amylovora and the inheritance of resistance to fire blight. Annals of applied biology, 113(1), 101-105. Fazio G, Aldwinckle HS, McQuinn RP, & Robinson TL (2006) Differential susceptibility to fire blight in commercial and experimental apple rootstock cultivars. Acta Hort 704:527–530. Ozrenk, K., Balta, F., Guleryuz, M., & Kan, T. (2011). Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) resistant/susceptibility of native apple germplasm from eastern Turkey. Crop Protection, 30(5), 526-530. Durel, C. E., Denance, C., & Brisset, M. N. (2009). Two distinct major QTL for resistance to fire blight co-localize on linkage group 12 in apple genotypes ‘Evereste’and Malus floribunda clone 821. Genome, 52(2), 139-147.
Statistics Article View: 399 PDF Download: 169