The Issue of Ethnic Diversity in Sudan After 2011

Salibi, Raed Khudair

doi:10.63677/jqlap.2025.186721

	The Issue of Ethnic Diversity in Sudan After 2011
AL-Qadisiya Journal For Law and Political Sciences
Article 46, Volume 16, Issue: 1 part 2, June 2025, Pages 985-998 PDF (881.33 K)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.63677/jqlap.2025.186721
Author
Raed Khudair Salibi^*
University of Baghdad / Center for Strategic and International Studies
Abstract
Sudan is a country characterized by significant ethnic diversity, which has played a positive role in enriching its culture and arts. However, it has also been a factor in political and social conflicts. Since Sudan’s independence in 1956, the country has experienced a series of coups and civil wars due to poor management of this diversity, especially under colonial policies that deepened ethnic divisions. During the rule of former President Omar al-Bashir (1989-2019), repressive policies were implemented to impose an Arab and Islamic identity on the country, leading to the suppression of non-Arab and non-Muslim minorities. The Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2005 aimed to address these crises but failed to achieve the desired outcomes, culminating in the secession of South Sudan in 2011, After the popular revolution in 2019, the Constitutional Document acknowledged diversity and emphasized the need to achieve equal citizenship. The Juba Peace Agreement was signed in 2020, marking an important step toward managing diversity. However, it has not resolved all challenges related to identity and religion. Despite these efforts, Sudan continues to face significant difficulties in achieving stability. The ethnic and religious gap remains a barrier to comprehensive development, making it essential to focus on strengthening national unity through inclusive dialogues, legislative reforms, empowering women and minorities, and achieving balanced economic development.
Keywords
Ethnic Diversity; Sudan; Diversity Management

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