Remineralization Potential of Zamzam Water on Eroded Primary Tooth Enamel: An In Vitro Study

Altaiee, Hajer Thair; Qasim, Aisha A

doi:10.33899/rdenj.2023.140493.1208

	Remineralization Potential of Zamzam Water on Eroded Primary Tooth Enamel: An In Vitro Study
Al-Rafidain Dental Journal
Article 4, Volume 25, Issue 2, September 2025, Pages 255-270 PDF (870.04 K)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.33899/rdenj.2023.140493.1208
Authors
Hajer Thair Altaiee^* ¹; Aisha A Qasim²
¹Ministry of Health-Nineveh Health Directorate, Ninevah, Mosul / Iraq
²Pedodontics, Orthodontics, Preventive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the influence of Zamzam water on the enamel of eroded deciduous anterior teeth by employing the surface microhardness test and scanning electron microscope for morphological evaluation. Materials and methods: 40 deciduous incisors were used in the study. Blocks of enamel were prepared and immersed in Fanta cycle then divided into four groups (10) samples for each one: group (1) samples were kept in de-ionized water only, group (2) samples were treated with Sodium Fluoride solution (NaF), group (3) treated with Zamzam water while the samples of group (4) were treated with combined Sodium Fluoride plus Zamzam water. A Vickers microhardness tester machine was used to evaluate the enamel surface microhardness of all tested samples at baseline, after the completion of the Fanta cycle, and after the treatment cycle, with confirmation of surface changes by scanning electron microscope. The obtained results were statistically analysed. Results: Statistically significant differences among the tested groups were demonstrated and found by a one-way ANOVA test after treatment cycles. Duncan's multiple analysis range test was carried out to illustrate that no significant difference at baseline in surface microhardness readings was found among all groups, while after treatment with different remineralizing agents, a significant difference in microhardness values was found. Also, a scanning electron microscope revealed a rough, destroyed surface after immersion with Fanta, but recovered its smoothness after the treatment stage. Conclusion: The NaF solution plus Zamzam water combination was better in demineralization resistance and improvement of the surface characteristics, including the surface microhardness of eroded deciduous enamel, than NaF solution alone or Zamzam water alone, which also had a beneficial anti-erosive effect on their eroded samples.
Keywords
Primary teeth; Erosion; Surface hardness; Zamzam water; Remineralization

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