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Plaque Accumulation and Gingivitis Among (20-40) Years Old Adults Exposed to Different Smoking Methods in Mosul City | ||
| Al-Rafidain Dental Journal | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 05 April 2025 | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.33899/rdenj.2024.149128.1256 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Layth Ghanim* 1; Saher Sami Gasgoos2 | ||
| 1Health Directorate/ Hatra Health Care Sector/ Mosul/ Iraq | ||
| 2POP Department / college of Dentistry / Mosul university | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Amis: This study investigated the effects of various smoking methods (cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, hookah and their combination) on plaque accumulation and gingivitis among (20-40) years old in males and females in Mosul city. Material and methods: to attain this purpose, 400 males and females aged (20-40) years participated in the study. The sample was divided into 8 groups of 50 participants for each one, as follows: nonsmokers, cigarette smokers, electronic cigarette smokers, hookah smokers, cigarette smokers with hookah, electronic cigarette smokers with hookah males and a group who smoke hookah, and a group of nonsmoking females. (Silness and Loe, 1964) and (Silness and loe, 1963) indices were recorded in the clinical examination. Results: The findings revealed that the plaque index in males using cigarette and electronic cigarettes was significantly higher from those using hookah alone and nonsmokers. The plaque index significantly higher in females’ hookah smokers compared to nonsmoking females. The plaque index does no differ significantly between females and males hookah smokers. The effect on the gingival index was higher in males smokers of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes compared to non-smoking males. Gingival index was higher in females smoking hookah compared to non-smokers, and both males and females smoking hookah have similar readings. When comparing tooth brushing behavior among males smokers, cigarette smokers had the highest percentage of "no" responses. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Cigarette; Hookah; Electronic cigarette; Smoking; Plaque; Gingivitis | ||
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