Thajeel, E. (2025). An optimal area power system-based automatic load frequency control using a 1-D lookup table method. , 43(8), 659-669. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.156707.1888
Ekhlas M. Thajeel. "An optimal area power system-based automatic load frequency control using a 1-D lookup table method". , 43, 8, 2025, 659-669. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.156707.1888
Thajeel, E. (2025). 'An optimal area power system-based automatic load frequency control using a 1-D lookup table method', , 43(8), pp. 659-669. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.156707.1888
Thajeel, E. An optimal area power system-based automatic load frequency control using a 1-D lookup table method. , 2025; 43(8): 659-669. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.156707.1888

An optimal area power system-based automatic load frequency control using a 1-D lookup table method

Engineering and Technology Journal
Volume 43, Issue 8, August 2025, Pages 659-669    PDF (1.06 M)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.30684/etj.2025.156707.1888
Author
Ekhlas M. Thajeel*
Electrical Engineering Dept., University of Technology-Iraq, Alsinaa street, 10066 Baghdad, Iraq.
Abstract
Automatic load frequency control (ALFC) is an important part of auxiliary services in power systems. To sustain system accuracy and ensure the safety of power systems, ALFC system design is a vital issue. Power system networks must quickly address the imbalance between generation and demand, or else the power line frequency will depart from its nominal value. However, performance might be disappointing, and frequency deviation can occur when a substantial disturbance occurs, such as when a rapid, significant load change happens. In particular, an enormous number one- and two-dimensional lookup table is used; in this study, the 1-D Lookup Table (1-DLuT) method is generalized to design LFC in single area and two areas power system. The proposed controller reduces the effects of load disturbance in the frequency fluctuations and contributes to the stabilization of the power system. In PID controller design methods, the most common performance criteria are integrated absolute error (IAE), the integration of time weight square error (ITSE), and the integration of squared error (ISE), which can be evaluated analytically in the frequency domain. A common performance criterion for control system design is the Integral of Time multiplied by the Absolute Error (ITAE) index, which is used to minimize the integral of the time absolute error performance index. Finally, the proposed 1-DLuT-based interpolation algorithm is compared with two different controllers, including a PI and an ANN. In other words, the simulation results showed that the optimal proposed system performs better within different variations of the stated loads.

Highlights
  • Automatic load frequency control is an important part of auxiliary services in power systems
  • Conventional PI control in single-area systems uses time-consuming trial-and-error to determine control gains
  • The 1-D Lookup Table (1-DLuT) method is generalized to design LFC
  • The ITAE index is a key criterion in control design, used to minimize the Integral of Time Absolute Error
  • Artificial neural networks (ANNs) mimic the behavior of the human brain and nervous system in artificial intelligence
Keywords
Automatic load frequency control 1; D Lookup Table LFC AI MATLAB Area Power Systems
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