Khaleel, S., Ibrahim, S., Al-Juboori, R., Lau, W., Low, S., Jawad, Z., Al-Saadi, S., Alsalhy, Q. (2025). Progress of nanomaterials incorporation into PVDF membrane distillation: characteristics enhancement, nanomaterials leaching and stability: A review. , 43(9), 729-755. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.155413.1858
Samraa R. Khaleel; Salah S. Ibrahim; Raed A. Al-Juboori; Woei J. Lau; Siew C. Low; Zeinab A. Jawad; Saad Al-Saadi; Qusay F. Alsalhy. "Progress of nanomaterials incorporation into PVDF membrane distillation: characteristics enhancement, nanomaterials leaching and stability: A review". , 43, 9, 2025, 729-755. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.155413.1858
Khaleel, S., Ibrahim, S., Al-Juboori, R., Lau, W., Low, S., Jawad, Z., Al-Saadi, S., Alsalhy, Q. (2025). 'Progress of nanomaterials incorporation into PVDF membrane distillation: characteristics enhancement, nanomaterials leaching and stability: A review', , 43(9), pp. 729-755. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.155413.1858
Khaleel, S., Ibrahim, S., Al-Juboori, R., Lau, W., Low, S., Jawad, Z., Al-Saadi, S., Alsalhy, Q. Progress of nanomaterials incorporation into PVDF membrane distillation: characteristics enhancement, nanomaterials leaching and stability: A review. , 2025; 43(9): 729-755. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.155413.1858

Progress of nanomaterials incorporation into PVDF membrane distillation: characteristics enhancement, nanomaterials leaching and stability: A review

Engineering and Technology Journal
Volume 43, Issue 9, September 2025, Pages 729-755    PDF (2.2 M)
Document Type: Review Paper
DOI: 10.30684/etj.2025.155413.1858
Authors
Samraa R. Khaleel1; Salah S. Ibrahim1; Raed A. Al-Juboori2; Woei J. Lau3; Siew C. Low4; Zeinab A. Jawad5; Saad Al-Saadi6; Qusay F. Alsalhy* 1
1Chemical Engineering Dept., University of Technology-Iraq, Alsina’a street, 10066 Baghdad, Iraq.
2NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates.
3Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
4School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, University Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia.
5Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
6Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University - Clayton Campus (Melbourne), Vic 3800, Australia. Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University - Clayton Campus (Melbourne), Vic 3800, Australia.
Abstract
Membrane distillation (MD) faces challenges in the form of diminished permeate flux attributed to the loss of hydrophobicity with time. Nanomaterials play an essential role in enhancing the performance of MD through membrane modification during formation or surface modification. Numerous nanomaterials have been investigated, particularly for flat sheet polyvinylidene fluorides (PVDF). These nanomaterials have provided unparalleled opportunities for the MD process application, such as increased water desalination efficiency, improved membrane durability, and reduced energy consumption. Adding nanomaterials changed the MD membrane properties, such as the size of the pores, porosity, and hydrophobicity, which significantly enhanced MD efficiency. However, some are sometimes exposed to peel-off or release to the distillate, which causes second contamination (leaching of nanomaterials). This review provides a comprehensive insight into the impact of different nanomaterials on the performance of flat sheet PVDF membranes and their stability over extended operations in MD for water desalination.

Highlights
  • Nanomaterials such as metal oxides, MOFs, and carbon-based materials are incorporated and coated onto PVDF membranes
  • The leaching of nanomaterials into the permeate flux can lead to secondary contamination
  • The long-term stability of nanomaterials in flat-sheet PVDF membranes is crucial for sustained operation
Keywords
Membrane distillation; Modification membrane; Nanomaterials; leaching; Hydrophobicity; Stability
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