Health Effects of Heavy Metals and Methods of Removal: A Review

Alobaidi, Fiham J; Alobaidi, Fiham; Salman, Maryam Ibrahim; Hamad, Hala Mahdi

doi:10.37652/juaps.2025.155470.1341

	Health Effects of Heavy Metals and Methods of Removal: A Review
Journal of University of Anbar for Pure Science
Volume 19, Issue 1 - Serial Number 19, May and June 2025, Pages 115-127 PDF (716.04 K)
Document Type: Review Paper
DOI: 10.37652/juaps.2025.155470.1341
Authors
fiham j alobaidi^* ¹; fiham alobaidi²; Maryam Ibrahim Salman³; Hala Mahdi Hamad⁴
¹Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Anbar, Anbar, Ramadi, 31001, Iraq
²Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Anbar, Iraq.
³Biology department, College of Science , University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
⁴PhysiologyDepartment of Biology , Collage of Science , University Of Anbar
Abstract
Heavy metals (HM) became one of the serious environmental problems, due to the ecosystem's ever-expanding man-made and natural sources of metals. Human exposure to HMs has significantly increased as a result of 20th-century industrial activity. Lead, cadmium, arsenic, chromium, and mercury are the most prevalent HMs which have posed a risk to humans. Poisoning could be chronic or acute following exposure to food, water, or air. Numerous organs and tissues are harmed by such HMs, which bioaccumulate. Comparing action mechanisms of such metals reveals that they produce toxicity by comparable pathways, including the inactivation regarding enzymes, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROSs), and oxidative stress formation. The conventional approaches for HM removal are considered as inadequate in the case when the concentration of HMs is no more than 100mg/L. The production of secondary pollutants, higher energy as well as chemical requirements, and reduced cost-effectiveness are some disadvantages of such methods. It is now possible to detoxify HMs via microbial bioremediation since bacteria and fungi have superior capacity for bio-accumulation and biosorption compared to other microorganisms. In order to better the treatment regarding metal poisoning and increase our knowledge of the detrimental impacts that HMs have on body organs, the presented work discusses the toxicity processes as well as HM absorption associated with HMs. This research aims to increase knowledge and offer resources for a thoughtful microbial remediation technology selection for detoxifying heavy metals. Sustainable microbial treatments could offer crucial and cost-effective approaches for the reduction of HM toxicity.
Keywords
biotransformation; biomineralization; bioremediation; toxicity of heavy metals

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