The Early Beginnings of Ottoman Aviation and Aerial Navigation (1911–1918)

الليلاني, نجم الدين عبد الستار

doi:10.32894/1992-1179.2025.159981.1207

	The Early Beginnings of Ottoman Aviation and Aerial Navigation (1911–1918)
Kirkuk University Journal: Humanity Studies
Volume 20, issue 1, part 2 - Serial Number 20, June 2025 PDF (2.05 M)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.32894/1992-1179.2025.159981.1207
Author
نجم الدين عبد الستار الليلاني^*
جامعة كركوك
Abstract
During its long history, which extended to more than six centuries, the Ottoman State enjoyed many success factors, including what accompanied its early stages and contributed to its construction and development, and the sixteenth century witnessed its maximum expansion, including its possessions in parts of three continents Asia, Europe and Africa, relying on its land and sea forces. In the late Ottoman era, aviation and aeronautics occupied the minds of Ottoman leaders, so they strove with all the means available to them in order to develop the first nucleus of Ottoman Aeronautics, relying on the West, and Lieutenant General Mahmoud Shawkat Pasha, the director of the military( minister of war), in late 1909, sent officers to France and Germany to work as military advisers to the state, and Officer Fathi Bey, one of the aeronautics follows the glasses and send officers to receive aviation education and the need to purchase aircraft from them ، He established a school in Istanbul to graduate pilots and an aircraft Center in Istanbul. The reason why I chose the topic era, as it did not receive enough attention of that era, so I thought I wanted to search for its depths and uncover the facts and clarify them, not to mention the challenges and obstacles faced by Ottoman air navigation. Due to the lack of sources and the subject of the study, so I found my way into Ottoman documents and sources, it was the best help for me in promoting the study.
Keywords
Ministry of War; Air Navigation; Mahmud Shevket Pasha

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