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Biological Effects of Microplastics: A Review | ||
| Rafidain Journal of Science | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 02 August 2025 | ||
| Document Type: Review Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.33899/rjs.2025.159213.1449 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Zakariya Nafi Shehab* 1; Amina Faris Farhhan2; Reem Nouzat Ahmad2 | ||
| 1Department of Environmental Systems and Information, Environmental Research Centre, University of Mosul | ||
| 2Environmental Research Center, University of Mosul | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants with the potential for far-reaching impacts on ecosystem processes and human health. This review consolidates contemporary scientific understanding of the biological impacts of microplastics on a range of organisms and across various ecological contexts. Research demonstrates that microplastics cause physical damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and disruptions to reproductive processes across a range of species. Furthermore, MPs act as vectors for co-occurring pollutants and host unique microbial communities. Physical impacts include intestinal obstruction and tissue damage, and chemical toxicity may result from additives in plastics and ingested environmental contaminants. Microplastic exposure has been associated with decreased feeding efficiency, growth inhibition, changed behavior, and decreased reproduction in aquatic organisms. Fewer studies exist on land, but these indicate impacts on soil microorganisms and crop yields. Empirical evidence indicates the potential for translocation across biological barriers in mammals, which increases stakes for human health. Despite significant research progress, important knowledge gaps remain regarding low-dose chronic exposure effects, nanoplastics impacts, and comprehensive risk assessment frameworks. This review highlights the need for standardized research methodologies and calls for expanded investigation into real-world exposure scenarios to better inform risk assessment and policy decisions aimed at mitigating microplastic pollution. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| biological impacts; microplastics; inflammation; bioaccumulation | ||
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