- All Journals
- Al-Qadisiyah University
- Basrah University
- Kirkuk University
- Mosul University
- The Iraqi Borad for Medical Specialization
- University of Anbar
- University of Technology
- Al Mustafa University
- Al-Zahraa University for Women
- Alnoor University
- Kunooz University
- Misan University
- Ninevah University
- Tikrit University
- University of Al-Hamdaniya
- University of Kerbala
Assessment and Statistical Analyses of Rutting, Cracking and Fatigue Resistance of Warm-Mix Asphalt | ||
| Al-Rafidain Engineering Journal (AREJ) | ||
| Volume 30, Issue 2, September 2025, Pages 137-150 PDF (915.43 K) | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.33899/arej.2025.158464.1397 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Abdulrhem Ibrahem Al-Hadidy* 1; Radhwan Alzeebaree2; Ju`ma Abdulla Abdal3; Anıl Nis4; Amani A. Al-Ttayiy5 | ||
| 1College of Engineering, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq | ||
| 2Civil Engineering Department, Akre Technical Institute, Akre University for Applied Science, Duhok, Iraq | ||
| 3Highway and Bridge Department, Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok, Iraq | ||
| 4Civil Engineering Department, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey | ||
| 5Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Warm-mix asphalt (WMA) is produced at lower temperatures than hot-mix asphalt (HMA), suggesting reduced compaction efforts. This study aims to evaluate rutting, cracking, and fatigue resistance of WMA under three compaction efforts (CE: 35, 50, and 75 blows/face) using Kim and Semi-Circular Bending tests to measure deformation strength, fracture energy, flexibility index, and J-integral (fatigue parameter). A 40/50 penetration grade base binder was modified with 5% natural zeolite (NZ) and 5% synthetic zeolite (SZ) by mass to produce natural zeolite-warm mix asphalt (NZWMA) and synthetic zeolite-warm mix asphalt (SZWMA). Seventy-two Marshall-compacted samples underwent statistical analysis to determine optimal CE. Key finding can be listed as follows: NZWMA required 50 blows/face and SZWMA 75 blows/face to meet the minimum 3.2 MPa deformation strength (Kim test) and J-integral ≥ 0.5 (critical strain energy rate); NZWMA at 50 blows saved more time and fuel than SZWMA while satisfying performance criteria; Rutting, cracking, and fatigue resistance exhibited consistent trends with increasing CE for both mixes. The results demonstrate NZWMA’s efficiency under moderate compaction, offering practical advantages in asphalt production by balancing performance and energy savings. This study provides insights into optimizing CE for WMA technologies, emphasizing NZWMA’s potential for sustainable pavement applications | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Warm-mix asphalt; Flexibility index; Cracking resistance index; Fracture energy; Semicircular bending | ||
| References | ||
|
[1] L. Abu Qtaish et al., “Micromechanical and chemical characterization of foamed warm-mix asphalt aging,” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., vol. 30, no. 9, p. 4018213, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002430.
[2] A. I. Al-Hadidy and S. A. Khalid, “Influence of long-term aging on the engineering properties of WMA mixtures containing petroleum wax and natural Zeolite,” Int. J. pavement Res. Technol., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 706–718, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/S42947-021-00047-9.
[3] A. I. Al-Hadidy, “Performance of SBS-HMA mixes made with sasobit and zeolite,” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., vol. 32, no. 10, p. 6020017, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003362.
[4] G. Valdes-Vidal, A. Calabi-Floody, and E. Sanchez-Alonso, “Performance evaluation of warm mix asphalt involving natural zeolite and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) for sustainable pavement construction,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 174, pp. 576–585, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2018.04.149.
[5] J. De Visscher, F. Vervaecke, A. Vanekstraete, H. Soenen, T. Tanghe, and P. Redelius, “Asphalt production at reduced temperatures using zeolites and the impact on asphalt performance. Road Mater Pavement Des 11 (1): 65–81,” 2010. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2010.9690260.
[6] W. Franus, M. Wdowin, and M. Franus, “Synthesis and characterization of zeolites prepared from industrial fly ash,” Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 186, pp. 5721–5729, 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-3815-5.
[7] A. Topal and P. A. Dokandari, “Laboratory comparison of aging characteristics of warm mix asphalts involving natural and synthetic water containing additives,” Mater. Res., vol. 17, pp. 1129–1136, 2014, doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-1439.228813.
[8] A. Woszuk and W. Franus, “Properties of the Warm Mix Asphalt involving clinoptilolite and Na-P1 zeolite additives,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 114, pp. 556–563, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2016.03.188.
[9] M. Dubravský and J. Mandula, “Modified asphalt binder with natural zeolite for warm mix asphalt,” Sel. Sci. Pap. Civ. Eng., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 61–68, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/sspjce-2015-0018.
[10] A. Yousefi, A. Behnood, A. Nowruzi, and H. Haghshenas, “Performance evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP),” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 268, p. 121200, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121200.
[11] H. F. Haghshenas, R. Rea, G. Reinke, A. Yousefi, D. F. Haghshenas, and P. Ayar, “Effect of recycling agents on the resistance of asphalt binders to cracking and moisture damage,” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., vol. 33, no. 10, p. 4021292, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003921.
[12] A. A. Yousefi, H. F. Haghshenas, B. S. Underwood, J. Harvey, and P. Blankenship, “Performance of warm asphalt mixtures containing reclaimed asphalt pavement, an anti-stripping agent, and recycling agents: A study using a balanced mix design approach,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 363, p. 129633, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129633.
[13] A. A. Yousefi, S. Sobhi, M. R. M. Aliha, S. Pirmohammad, and H. F. Haghshenas, “Cracking properties of warm mix asphalts containing reclaimed asphalt pavement and recycling agents under different loading modes,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 300, p. 124130, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2021.124130.
[14] A. Vaitkus, D. Čygas, A. Laurinavičius, V. Vorobjovas, and Z. Perveneckas, “Influence of warm mix asphalt technology on asphalt physical and mechanical properties,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 112, pp. 800–806, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2016.02.212.
[15] J. De Visscher, F. Vervaecke, A. Vanelstraete, H. Soenen, T. Tanghe, and P. Redelius, “Asphalt production at reduced temperatures using zeolites and the impact on asphalt performance,” Road Mater. pavement Des., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 65–81, 2010, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2010.9690260.
[16] A. A. Yousefi et al., “Towards a durable and sustainable warm mix asphalt: Techno-economic and environmental evaluation considering balanced mix design approach,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 486, p. 144311, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.144311.
[17] National Center for Construction Laboratories (NCCL), “Materials and construction works specification,” Ministry of Housing and Construction and Public Works. Directorate of Research and Technical Affairs, Baghdad-Iraq. 2018.
[18] ASTM, “Standard test method for penetration of bituminous materials,” 2020, ASTM D5/D5M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
[19] ASTM, “Standard test method for softening point of bitumen (ring-and-ball apparatus),” 2020, ASTM D36/D36M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
[20] ASTM, “Standard test method for ductility of asphalt materials,” 2017, ASTM D113. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
[21] ASTM, “Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and Density of Semi-Solid Asphalt Binder (Pycnometer Method),” 2021, ASTM D70/70M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
[22] ASTM, “Standard test method for flash and fire points by Cleveland open cup tester,” 2018, ASTM D92. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
[23] ASTM, “Standard Test Method for Effects of Heat and Air on Asphaltic Materials (Thin-Film Oven Test),” 2022, ASTM D1754/D1754M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
[24] ASTM, “Standard test method for viscosity determination of asphalt at elevated temperatures using a rotational viscometer,” 2023, ASTM D4402/4402M. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
[25] ASTM, “Standard test method for separation of asphalt into four fractions,” 2018, ASTM D4124. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
[26] A. M. Tahir, A. I. AL-Hadidy, and A. A. Al-Ttayiy, “Comparative Mechanical and Durability Characteristics of WMA Mixtures Made with the Medical Waste Filler and Limestone Filler,” Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol., pp. 1–17, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-025-00508-5.
[27] N. J. M. Al-Tamimi, “Application of Warm Asphalt Mixture in Iraq,” M.Sc. Thesis, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq, 2020.
[28] ASTM, “Standard specification for hot-mixed, hot-laid bituminous paving mixtures,” 2015, ASTM D3515. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
[29] ASTM, “Standard Test Method for Marshall Stability and Flow of Asphalt Mixtures,” 2022, ASTM D6927. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
[30] P. Singh, V. Bajpai, V. Gond, A. Kumar, N. Tadigoppula, and B. Kumar, “Determination of bioactive compounds of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds using LC-MS techniques,” Legum. Genomics Methods Protoc., pp. 377–393, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0235-5_21.
[31] K. W. Kim, S. N. Amirkhanian, H. H. Kim, M. Lee, and Y. S. Doh, “A new static strength test for characterization of rutting of dense-graded asphalt mixtures,” J. Test. Eval., vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 59–68, 2011, doi: https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE102385.
[32] N. Kim, J. Park, J. S. Choi, S. Kim, and K. W. Kim, “Correlation of Deformation Strength (SD) and Tensile Strength of Asphalt Mixtures,” J. Korean Asph. Inst., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 62–69, 2011, [Online]. Available: https://journal.kai.re.kr/articles/article/KABO/
[33] Y. S. Doh, K. K. Yun, S. N. Amirkhanian, and K. W. Kim, “Framework for developing a static strength test for measuring deformation resistance of asphalt concrete mixtures,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 2047–2058, 2007, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2006.06.032.
[34] G. Nsengiyumva, “Development of semi-circular bending (SCB) fracture test for biatuminous mixtures,” M.Sc. Thesis, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1090&context=civilengdiss
[35] ASTM, “Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Asphalt Mixture Cracking Resistance using the Semi-Circular Bend Test (SCB) at Intermediate Temperatures,” 2016, ASTM D8044. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
[36] I. L. Al-Qadi, H. Ozer, J. Lambros, A. El Khatib, P. Singhvi, T. Khan, J. Rivera-Perez, and B. Doll, “Testing protocols to ensure performance of high asphalt binder replacement mixes using RAP and RAS,” Illinois Cent. Transp. Ser. No. 15-017, 2015, [Online]. Available: Testing protocols to ensure performance of high asphalt binder replacement mixes using RAP and RAS
[37] F. Kaseer, F. Yin, E. Arámbula-Mercado, A. E. Martin, J. S. Daniel, and S. Salari, “Development of an index to evaluate the cracking potential of asphalt mixtures using the semi-circular bending test,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 167, pp. 286–298, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2018.02.014.
[38] AASHTO, “Standard Method of Test for Determining the Fracture Potential of Asphalt Mixtures Using Semicircular Bend Geometry (SCB) at Intermediate Temperature,” 2016, AASHTO TP124. Washington, D.C: AASTHO.
[39] M. limited liability Company, “Minitab 21.1,” 2021, Minitab LLC, State college, Pennsylvania, USA: 21.1.
[40] A. Yousefi, A. Behnood, A. Nowruzi, and H. Haghshenas, “Performance evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing warm mix asphalt ( WMA ) additives and reclaimed asphalt pavement ( RAP ),” Constr. Build. Mater., no. xxxx, p. 121200, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121200.
[41] I.a.T.i.K., “Guideline for construction of asphalt concrete pavement,” 2017, Ministry of Land.
[42] Y. Yan, D. Hernando, and R. Roque, “Fracture tolerance of asphalt binder at intermediate temperatures,” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., vol. 29, no. 9, p. 4017108, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001955.
[43] Y. Yan, F. Preti, E. Romeo, G. Lopp, G. Tebaldi, and R. Roque, “Fracture energy density of interstitial component of asphalt mixtures,” Mater. Struct., vol. 51, pp. 1–13, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1617/S11527-018-1251-7.
[44] D. Singh, P. K. Ashish, and S. F. Chitragar, “Laboratory performance of recycled asphalt mixes containing wax and chemical based warm mix additives using semi circular bending and tensile strength ratio tests,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 158, pp. 1003–1014, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2017.10.080.
[45] D. Van Dao, N.-L. Nguyen, M. H. Nguyen, H.-B. Ly, and V. Q. Truong, “Evaluation of cracking resistance of warm mix asphalt incorporating high reclaimed asphalt pavement content,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part L J. Mater. Des. Appl., vol. 236, no. 12, pp. 2550–2560, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/14644207221100036.
[46] S. of L. DOTD (Department of Transportation and Development), “Louisiana Standard Specifications for Roads and Bridges,” 2016, State of Louisiana, Department of Transportation and Development, Baton Rouge. | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 337 PDF Download: 116 |
||