Ayorinde, T., Le Roux, P., Jamiru, T. (2025). Electromagnetic analysis of a surface-mounted permanent magnet motor. , 43(8), 716-728. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.163298.1992
TA Ayorinde; PF Le Roux; T Jamiru. "Electromagnetic analysis of a surface-mounted permanent magnet motor". , 43, 8, 2025, 716-728. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.163298.1992
Ayorinde, T., Le Roux, P., Jamiru, T. (2025). 'Electromagnetic analysis of a surface-mounted permanent magnet motor', , 43(8), pp. 716-728. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.163298.1992
Ayorinde, T., Le Roux, P., Jamiru, T. Electromagnetic analysis of a surface-mounted permanent magnet motor. , 2025; 43(8): 716-728. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.163298.1992

Electromagnetic analysis of a surface-mounted permanent magnet motor

Engineering and Technology Journal
Volume 43, Issue 8, August 2025, Pages 716-728    PDF (1.5 M)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.30684/etj.2025.163298.1992
Authors
TA Ayorinde* 1; PF Le Roux2; T Jamiru3
1Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa. National Biotechnology Research and Development Agency, Abuja, Nigeria. Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
2Department of Electrical Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa.
3Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa.
Abstract
This study investigates the finite element analysis (FEA) of a surface-mounted permanent magnet motor (SMPMM) using QuickField software. The model was developed by solving Maxwell’s equations on meshed SMPMM geometries, integrating real B-H curve data for laminated steel stator and rotor materials to accurately represent the nonlinear behaviour of the SMPMM. The simulation was performed to evaluate the magnetic flux distribution, air-gap flux density, torque, and self-and mutual inductance at an operational speed of 3000 rpm, and compares the simulated outputs with existing experimental results. Under current excitation up to 2 A, the simulated air gap density ranged from 0.7 Tesla (T) at minimum rotor-stator coupling to 1.2 T at peak alignment during an electrical cycle. Peak torque reached 1.8823 N.m at a 0.45 mm air gap, decreasing slightly to 1.8572 N.m at 0.75 mm. Self-inductance declined from 0.8 H to 0.5 H, while mutual inductance declined from 0.049 H to 0.03 H, showing the effect of magnetic saturation. Core and eddy current losses increased nonlinearly at higher speeds and flux densities. The validated results highlight the importance of incorporating nonlinear magnetic properties and velocity-dependent losses in SMPMM design accurate prediction of performance under both nominal and extreme conditions, supporting robust, high-efficiency motor development for industrial, automotive, and renewable energy applications.

Highlights
  • The electromagnetic field of a surface-mounted permanent magnet motor (SMPMM) was modeled using finite element analysis
  • Magnetic performance parameters were evaluated under current excitations up to 2 A, and saturation in laminated steel was revealed
  • A maximum torque of 1.88 N.m was achieved at an optimal air gap of 0.45 mm
  • Core and eddy current losses were computed to quantify high-frequency effects
  • Experimental validation with M36, 65C600, EN8, and EN353 confirmed the significance of nonlinear material properties for high-efficiency design
Keywords
Surface-mounted permanent magnet; Flux linkage; Self-inductance; Mutual inductance
References
  1. S. S. Kamble, A. Gunasekaran, S. A. Gawankar, Sustainable Industry 4.0 framework: A systematic literature review identifying the current trends and future perspectives, Process Saf. Environ. Prot., 117 (2018) 408-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.05.009
  2. Q. Jiang, C. Bi, R. Huang, A new phase-delay-free method to detect back EMF zero-crossing points for sensorless control of spindle motors, IEEE Trans. Magn., 41 (2005) 2287-2294. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2005.851841
  3. Z. Qingjie, Z. Yanqing‏, Scheme design of high performance converting control of linear induction motor used for electromagnetic launch, IEEE 16th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Launch Technology, Beijing, China, 2012, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1109/EML.2012.6511067
  4. Zhang, X. Electromagnetic performance analysis of surface-mounted permanent magnet machine. Bachelor's Thesis, 2024.
  5. R. Qu, Y. Zhou, D. Li, Milestones, hotspots and trends in the development of electric machines, iEnergy, 1 (2022) 82-99. https://doi.org/10.23919/IEN.2022.0002
  6. W. Zhang, G.J. Li, Z.Q. Zhu, B .Ren, Y.C. Chong, Coupled Electromagnetic–Thermal Modelling of Dynamic Performance for Modular SPM Machines, Energies, 16 (2023) 2516. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062516
  7. Littera, D. Investigation of PM Formation and Evolution in Plumes Emitted by Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles: Wind Tunnel Study; West Virginia University, 2014.
  8. Hendershot, J. R. and Miller, T. J. E. Design of brushless permanent-magnet motors; Oxford university press, 1995.
  9. H. M. C. Beigi, M .Cheshmeh, Design, optimization and fem analysis of a surface-mounted permanent-magnet brushless dc motor, Int. J. Eng., 31 (2018) 339-345.
  10. X. Ba, Z. Gong, Y. Guo, C. Zhang, J. Zhu‏, Development of equivalent circuit models of permanent magnet synchronous motors considering core loss, Energies, 15 (2022) 1995. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15061995
  11. K. T. Chau, C. C. Chan, C. Liu‏, Overview of permanent-magnet brushless drives for electric and hybrid electric vehicles, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 55 (2008) 2246-2257. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2008.918403
  12. Z. Q. Zhu, D. Howe‏, Electrical machines and drives for electric, hybrid, and fuel cell vehicles, Proceedings of the IEEE, 95, 2007, 746-765. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2006.892482
  13. K. Guo, H. Lu, G.J. Xu, D. Liu, H. B. Wang, X. M. Liu, X. Y. Song‏, Recent progress in nanocrystalline Sm–Co based magnets, Mater. Today Chem., 25 (2002) 100983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2022.100983
  14. A. Usman, A. Saxena‏, Technical Roadmaps of Electric Motor Technology for Next Generation Electric Vehicles, Machines, 13 (2025) 156. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13020156
  15. B. Rezaei, H. E. J. Moni, I. H. Karampelas, Additive Manufacturing of Magnetic Materials for Energy, Environment, Healthcare, and Industry Applications, Adv. Funct. Mater., 35 (2025) 2416823. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202416823
  16. S. O. Altiparmak, K. Waters, C. G. Thies, Cornering the market with foreign direct investments: China's cobalt politics, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition, 7 (2025) 100113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rset.2025.100113
  17. S. Islam, H. Weerasinghe, D. M. Prado, A. N. Gonzaga, C. Burda‏, Diversifying the Materials and Technologies for the Future of Energy Storage, Energy Fuels, 39 (2025) 8369–8390. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5c00468
  18. W. Sun, H. Si, J. Qiu, J. Li‏, Research on Efficiency of Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Adaptive Algorithm of Fuzzy Control, Sustainability, 16 (2024) 1253. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16031253
  19. G. R. SLEMON, On the design of high-performance surface-mounted PM motors, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 30 (1994) 134-140. https://doi.org/10.1109/28.273631
  20. P. König, D. Sharma, K. R .Konda, T. Xie, K. Höschler‏, Comprehensive review on cooling of permanent magnet synchronous motors and their qualitative assessment for aerospace applications, Energies, 16 (2023) 7524. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16227524
  21. Müller, G. and Ponick, B. Grundlagen elektrischer Maschinen; John Wiley & Sons, 2014.
  22. L. R. Devi, S. Sreekumar, R. Bhakar, Dileep G., S. Padmanaban, Electric motor modeling, analysis, and design for E-mobility applications: A state of the art, e-Prime-Advances in Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Energy, 12 (2025) 100985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2025.100985
  23. C. Urabinahatti, S.S. Ahmad, G. Narayanan‏, Magnetic characterization of ferromagnetic alloys for high-speed electric machines, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 56 (2020) 6436-6447. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2020.3023868
  24. M. Yilmaz, Limitations/capabilities of electric machine technologies and modeling approaches for electric motor design and analysis in plug-in electric vehicle applications, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52 (2015) 80-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.033
  25. B. Bilgin, J. Liang, M. V. Terzic, J. Dong, R. Rodriguez, E. Trickett, A .Emadi‏, Modeling and analysis of electric motors: State-of-the-art review, IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif., 5 (2019) 602-617. https://doi.org/10.1109/TTE.2019.2931123
  26. Bianchi, N. 2005. Electrical machine analysis using finite elements, Taylor & Francis Group Logo,Vol.7, pp. 304: CRC press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315219295
  27. N. K. Sheth, K. R. Rajagopal, Calculation of the flux-linkage characteristics of a switched reluctance motor by flux tube method, IEEE Trans. Magn., 41 (2005) 4069-4071. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMAG.2005.854865
  28. M. Cheng, W. Qin, X. Zhu, Z. Wang‏, Magnetic-inductance: Concept, definition, and applications, IEEE rans. Power Electron., 37 (2022) 12406-12414. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2022.3175372
  29. V. Szabó, K. Weber‏, A novel method for structural strength modeling of lamination stacks of electric motors using contact in FEA, Results Eng., 26 (2025) 104699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2025.104699
  30. S. Zhu, M. Cheng, J. Dong, J. Du‏, Core loss analysis and calculation of stator permanent-magnet machine considering DC-biased magnetic induction, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., 61 (2014) 5203-5212. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2014.2300062
  31. X. Zhang, Q. Du, J. Xu, Y. Zhao, S. Ma‏, Development and analysis of the magnetic circuit on double-radial permanent magnet and salient-pole electromagnetic hybrid excitation generator for vehicles, Chin. J. Mech. Eng., 32 (2019) 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-019-0334-x
  32. L. A. Kumar, B. M. Raj, V. Vijayakumar, V. Indragandhi, V. Subramaniyaswamy, H.R. Karimi, Analysis of Electric Motor Magnetic Core Loss under Axial Mechanical Stress, Sensors, 20 (2020) 6818. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20236818
  33. M. Przybylski, D. Kapelski, B. Ślusarek, S. Wiak‏, Impulse magnetization of Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets for sensors, Sensors, 16 (2016) 569. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16040569
  34. G Choi‏, Analysis and experimental verification of the demagnetization vulnerability in various PM synchronous machine configurations for an EV application, Energies, 14 (2021) 5447. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175447
  35. J. Faiz, M.A. Bazrafshan, Z. Tabarniarami, Demagnetisation fault analysis and diagnosis based on different methods in permanent magnet machines‐An overview, IET Electr. Power Appl., 18 (2024) 1860-1893. https://doi.org/10.1049/elp2.12519
  36. H. R. Kirchmayr‏, Permanent magnets and hard magnetic materials, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 29 (1996) 2763. https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/29/11/007
  37. B. Guo, Y. Wu, F. Peng‏, A Novel Magnetic Permeance Network Model for SPM Machine With Bread-Loaf Structure, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., (2025)1-10. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2025.3552263
  38. Y. Wei, P. Wang, R. Nie, S. Xu, J. Liang, J. Si, Analytical Modeling and Optimal Design of Slotted Axial Flux PM Motor With Equidirectional Toroidal Winding, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., (2025) 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2025.3552185
  39. M.M. Tezcan, A.G. Yetgin, A.I. Canakoglu, Investigation of the effects of the equivalent circuit parameters on induction motor torque using three different equivalent circuit models, in MATEC Web of Conferences, EDP Sciences, 157, 2018, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201815701019
  40. B. J. Ebot, Y. Fujimoto‏, Design and Experimental Analysis of a Novel Coreless Two-Phase Resonant Motor, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., (2025)1-11. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2025.3559970
  41. Y. Zhou, H. Yang, S. Luo, X. Hao‏, Optimization Design for Bionic-Bamboo FPs of Coaxial Magnetic Gear Under Multi-Field Coupling, Progress in Electromagnetics Research C, 153 (2025) 51–59. https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERC24112901
Statistics
Article View: 165
PDF Download: 120


Journal Management System. Powered by iJournalPro.com