Hadi, M., Abdulkader, N., Al-Gebory, L. (2025). Impact of sintering time on corrosion rate and relative density of titanium, titanium-aluminum alloy, and titanium-based composites for bio-applications. , 43(12), 1051-1065. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.156810.1886
Marwa Hadi; Niveen J. Abdulkader; Layth W. Al-Gebory. "Impact of sintering time on corrosion rate and relative density of titanium, titanium-aluminum alloy, and titanium-based composites for bio-applications". , 43, 12, 2025, 1051-1065. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.156810.1886
Hadi, M., Abdulkader, N., Al-Gebory, L. (2025). 'Impact of sintering time on corrosion rate and relative density of titanium, titanium-aluminum alloy, and titanium-based composites for bio-applications', , 43(12), pp. 1051-1065. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.156810.1886
Hadi, M., Abdulkader, N., Al-Gebory, L. Impact of sintering time on corrosion rate and relative density of titanium, titanium-aluminum alloy, and titanium-based composites for bio-applications. , 2025; 43(12): 1051-1065. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.156810.1886

Impact of sintering time on corrosion rate and relative density of titanium, titanium-aluminum alloy, and titanium-based composites for bio-applications

Engineering and Technology Journal
Volume 43, Issue 12, December 2025, Pages 1051-1065    PDF (1.53 M)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.30684/etj.2025.156810.1886
Authors
Marwa Hadi* ; Niveen J. Abdulkader; Layth W. Al-Gebory
Materials Engineering Dept., University of Technology-Iraq, Alsina’a street, 10066 Baghdad, Iraq.
Abstract
The corrosion of implanted metals in the human body results in degradation and the release of harmful ions. Titanium and its alloys are used in biomedical applications due to their corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. This study examines how the amount of time spent sintering affects the density and corrosion resistance of Ti, Ti-6% Al, and Ti-6 % Al-2% HA (hydroxyapatite). Al was incorporated into Ti to reduce its density and enhance corrosion resistance. In contrast, HA was added at 2%, which aims to improve bioactivity and facilitate better integration with bone tissue. The samples were fabricated through powder metallurgy by mixing for 4 hours, and the compaction was 550 MPa. We sintered all samples at 1,300 °C, with varying sintering times of 60, 90, and 120 minutes. The results indicated that samples sintered for 120 minutes exhibited the highest relative densities: 91.55% for Ti, 92.89% for Ti-6%Al, and 93.24% for Ti-6%Al-2%HA. These samples demonstrated the lowest corrosion rates, with 0.2075 mpy for Ti, 0.01199 mpy for Ti-6%Al, and 0.003129 mpy for Ti-6%Al-2%HA. X-ray diffraction analysis of the Ti-6%Al-2%HA sample revealed patterns that corresponded to the titanium alloy and its byproducts, which included Ti, CaTi₄P₆O₂₄, TiP₂O₇, TiO₂, and CaTiO₃. Atomic absorption spectroscopy analysis found that only a small amount of titanium ions (0.912 ppm) was released, and no aluminum ions were detected over 14 days. Additionally, the MTT assay demonstrated 85.3% cell viability. These findings suggest that Ti-6%Al-2%HA alloys have potential applications in biomedical implants due to their improved corrosion resistance and biocompatibility.            

Highlights
  • A novel Ti-Al-HA composite was developed for bone plate fixation applications
  • The corrosion rate of the Ti-Al-HA composite was significantly reduced to 0.003 mm/y
  • The Ti-Al-HA composite achieved a high relative density of 93%
Keywords
Powder metallurgy; Porosity; TiO2; Hydroxyapatite; Corrosion resistance
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