Jaddana, R., Jaber, H. (2025). Sustainable geopolymer concrete: Iraqi steel slag as a high-performance aggregate for improved strength and durability. , 43(12), 1113-1127. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.161902.1976
Riyam I. Jaddana; Hussein A. Jaber. "Sustainable geopolymer concrete: Iraqi steel slag as a high-performance aggregate for improved strength and durability". , 43, 12, 2025, 1113-1127. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.161902.1976
Jaddana, R., Jaber, H. (2025). 'Sustainable geopolymer concrete: Iraqi steel slag as a high-performance aggregate for improved strength and durability', , 43(12), pp. 1113-1127. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.161902.1976
Jaddana, R., Jaber, H. Sustainable geopolymer concrete: Iraqi steel slag as a high-performance aggregate for improved strength and durability. , 2025; 43(12): 1113-1127. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.161902.1976

Sustainable geopolymer concrete: Iraqi steel slag as a high-performance aggregate for improved strength and durability

Engineering and Technology Journal
Volume 43, Issue 12, December 2025, Pages 1113-1127    PDF (1.07 M)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.30684/etj.2025.161902.1976
Authors
Riyam I. Jaddana* 1; Hussein A. Jaber2
1Materials Engineering Dept., University of Technology-Iraq, Alsina’a street, 10066 Baghdad, Iraq. Department of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Al-Qadisiyah, 58001, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq.
2Materials Engineering Dept., University of Technology-Iraq, Alsina’a street, 10066 Baghdad, Iraq.
Abstract
The construction industry’s reliance on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) contributes significantly to CO₂ emissions and resource depletion. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) offers a sustainable alternative, but natural aggregates (NAs) still harm the environment. This study investigates recycled coarse steel slag aggregate (RCSA), a metallurgical byproduct, as a partial replacement (10, 20, 30, and 40% by volume) for natural coarse aggregate (NCA) in metakaolin-based GPC. The geopolymer paste was formulated with optimal molar ratios of 3.65 for SiO₂/Al₂O₃, 2.9 for sodium hydroxide/ sodium silicate, and 0.62 for water/metakaolin. Results showed that incorporating RCSA enhances both mechanical and physical properties of GPC. Optimal performance was achieved with a 30% RCSA substitution, showing remarkable improvements over conventional GPC at 28 days of curing: a 29.56% increase in compressive strength (95.1 MPa vs. 73.4 MPa), along with 26.12 and 41.07% enhancements in splitting tensile and flexural strengths, respectively. Bulk density increased by 8.15% (2371.96 kg/m³ vs. 2193.12 kg/m³). In comparison, physical analysis revealed a 26.32% reduction in porosity and a 9.18% decrease in water absorption, indicating improved interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between the RCSA and geopolymer paste, facilitated by calcium leaching from the slag particles, which promotes densification and reduced permeability. Microstructural analyses (XRD and FTIR) confirmed successful geopolymerization and a robust amorphous geopolymer network. Findings confirm RCSA mitigates environmental impacts through waste valorization and significantly enhances GPC performance, offering a viable pathway toward more sustainable construction materials.

Highlights
  • Valorization of Iraqi steel slag reduced landfill waste and natural aggregate consumption.
  • A novel synergy between low-calcium metakaolin and steel slag was achieved.
  • Using 30% steel slag aggregate increased geopolymer strength to 95.1 MPa.
  • Steel slag aggregate provided 11.3 MPa flexural strength in geopolymer composites.
  • Porosity was reduced by 26.32%, enhancing durability in aggressive environments.
Keywords
Steel slag; Geopolymer concrete; Metakaolin; Waste material; Alkali activator
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