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Recent Advances in Biodiesel Synthesis from Waste Cooking Oil Using Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Catalysts: A Brief Review | ||
| Rafidain Journal of Science | ||
| Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 06 October 2025 | ||
| Document Type: Review Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.33899/rjs.2025.163811.1503 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Mohammed Rashid Znad1; Ahmed M. Amshawee2; Anwar Kawther Ali3; Diyar F. murad4; Radwan Ali* 4 | ||
| 1Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Wasit, Wasit, Iraq. | ||
| 2Department of Radiology, University of Hilla, Babylon, Iraq. | ||
| 3College of Dentistry, University of Hilla, Babylon, Iraq. | ||
| 4Al-Qadisiyah University, College of Dentistry, Department of Basic Sciences, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Biodiesel has emerged as a highly promising renewable fuel to replace fossil diesel, especially when derived from waste cooking oil (WCO), a non-edible and abundant feedstock. Conventional homogeneous catalysts used in biodiesel synthesis often suffer from challenges such as separation difficulties, generation of wastewater, and saponification when high levels of free fatty acids are present. Heterogeneous magnetic nanocatalysts have gained considerable attention due to their high catalytic efficiency, ease of separation via magnetic fields, and reusability. This review explores the progress in the use of magnetic nanoparticles—metal oxides, spinels, and bio-derived nanocatalysts—in biodiesel synthesis via transesterification and esterification reactions. Emphasis is placed on catalysts prepared with iron-based cores (Fe₂O₃, Fe₃O₄) doped or functionalized with metals such as Ca, Cu, Ni, and Co, or immobilized enzymes such as lipases. Recent studies from 2020 to 2025 are critically evaluated to catalyst composition, synthesis methods, and performance metrics (yield, reaction conditions, reusability). This approach can contribute to waste recycling and potentially reduce carbon emissions, in alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Keywords: Biodiesel; Magnetic Nano catalysts; Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) | ||
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