Association of Gardnerella vaginalis and Lactobacillus with recurrent abortion in a sample of Iraqi women

[1] Ford HB, Schust DJ.Recurrent pregnancy loss: etiology, diagnosis, and therapy.Reviews in obstetrics and gynecology. 2009;2(2):76.PMID: 19609401

[2] Tsikouras P, Deftereou T, Anthoulaki X, Bothou A, Chalkidou A, Gaitatzi F, et al.Abortions in first trimester pregnancy, management, treatment.In: Induced Abortion and Spontaneous Early Pregnancy Loss-Focus on Management. IntechOpen; 2019. 10.5772/intechopen.86194

[3] MacWilliams K, Hughes J, Aston M, Field S, Moffatt FW.Understanding the experience of miscarriage in the emergency department.Journal of Emergency Nursing. 2016;42(6):504-12.10.1016/j.jen.2016.05.011

[4] Al-Nasiry S, Ambrosino E, Schlaepfer M, Morré SA, Wieten L, Voncken JW, et al. The interplay between reproductive tract microbiota and immunological system in human reproduction. Frontiers in immunology. 2020;11:378. 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00378

[5] Kumar M, Murugesan S, Singh P, Saadaoui M, Elhag DA, Terranegra A, et al. Vaginal microbiota and cytokine levels predict preterm delivery in Asian women. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology. 2021;11:639665.

10.3389/fcimb.2021.639665

[6] Cheah FC, Lai CH, Tan GC, Swaminathan A, Wong KK, Wong YP, et al.Intrauterine Gardnerella vaginalis infection results in fetal growth restriction and alveolar septal hypertrophy in a rabbit model.Frontiers in pediatrics. 2021;8:593802. 10.3389/fped.2020.593802

[7] Lin S, Wu Y, Gong D, Zou X, Zhu H, Gao J, et al.Potential Contribution of the Uterine Microbiome in Early Missed Abortion.PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square. 2021.10.21203/rs.3.rs-623634/v1

[8] Wu Hl, Marwah S, Wang P, Wang Qm, Chen Xw.Misoprostol for medical treatment of missed abortion: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.Scientific reports. 2017;7(1):1664.10.1038/s41598-017-01892-0

[9] Fang J, Xie B, Chen B, Qiao C, Zheng B, Luan X, et al.Biochemical clinical factors associated with missed abortion independent of maternal age: A retrospective study of 795 cases with missed abortion and 694 cases with normal pregnancy.Medicine. 2018;97(50):e13573.10.1097/MD.0000000000013573

[10] Zhao Y, Pang H, Guo S, Cheng Z, Sun J, Lan C, et al.Identification of cryptic structural chromosomal aberrations in parents through detection of copy number variations in miscarriage tissues.Zhonghua yi xue yi Chuan xue za zhi= Zhonghua Yixue Yichuanxue Zazhi= Chinese Journal of Medical Genetics. 2019;36(11):1123-6.10.3760/cma.j.issn.1003-9406.2019.11.017

[11] Zhou Q, Liu S, Zhang R, Shi H, Lin N, Wu Y, et al.Research progress on the related factors of embryo damage.China Medical Herald. 2019;16:53-6

[12] Yuan G, Lv B, Du X, Zhang H, Zhao M, Liu Y, et al.Prediction model for missed abortion of patients treated with IVF-ET based on XGBoost: a retrospective study.PeerJ. 2023;11:e14762

[13] Khamees SS.Characterization of vaginal discharge among women complaining of genital tract infection.International Journal of Pharmacy & life sciences. 2012;3(10)

[14] Aagaard K, Riehle K, Ma J, Segata N, Mistretta TA, Coarfa C, et al.A metagenomic approach to characterization of the vaginal microbiome signature in pregnancy.PloS one. 2012;7(6):e36466.10.1371/journal.pone.0036466

[15] McLEAN NW, Rosenstein IJ.Characterisation and selection of a Lactobacillus species to re-colonise the vagina of women with recurrent bacterial vaginosis.Journal of medical microbiology. 2000;49(6):543-52.10.1099/0022-1317-49-6-543

[16] Seth AR, Chaitra S, Vaishnavi S, GR SC.Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in females in the reproductive age group in Kadur, Karnataka, India.International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2017;6(11):4863-6

[17] Donders GG, Bellen G, Grinceviciene S, Ruban K, Vieira-Baptista P.Aerobic vaginitis: no longer a stranger.Research in microbiology. 2017;168(9-10):845-58.10.1016/j.resmic.2017.04.004

[18] Livengood III CH.Bacterial vaginosis: an overview for 2009.Reviews in obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009;2(1):28

[19] Kaambo E, Africa C, Chambuso R, Passmore JAS.Vaginal microbiomes associated with aerobic vaginitis and bacterial vaginosis.Frontiers in public health. 2018;6:78.10.3389/fpubh.2018.00078

[20] Bitew A, Abebaw Y, Bekele D, Mihret A.Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and associated risk factors among women complaining of genital tract infection.International journal of microbiology. 2017;2017(1):4919404.10.1155/2017/4919404

[21] Abdullahi B, Bello MA.Detection of Aerobic Vaginitis and Antibiogram of its Implicating Bacteria among Women with Suspected Cases of Vaginitis in Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Shika, Zaria-Nigeria.UMYU Journal of Microbiology Research. 2023;8(2):246-56

[22] Greenbaum S, Greenbaum G, Moran-Gilad J, Weintraub AY.Ecological dynamics of the vaginal microbiome in relation to health and disease.American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 2019;220(4):324-35.10.1016/j.ajog.2018.11.1089

[23] Schwebke JR, Muzny CA, Josey WE.Role of Gardnerella vaginalis in the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis: a conceptual model.The Journal of infectious diseases. 2014;210(3):338-43.10.1093/infdis/jiu089

[24] Al-Ridhwany H, Aljawadi A, Abduljawad M. Use of induced abortion for birth control by mothers in Iraq. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2018;24(7):644-52.10.26719/2018.24.7.644

[25] Anukam K, Idemoh C, Olise N.Evaluation of bacterial baginosis (BV) using nugent scoring system.Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research. 2014;13(1):25-32

[26] Nugent RP, Krohn MA, Hillier SL.Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of gram stain interpretation.Journal of clinical microbiology. 1991;29(2):297-301.10.1128/jcm.29.2.297-301.1991

[27] Banupriya D, Geetha D.Comparative study of Amsel Criteria Vs Nugent criteria scoring system in vaginal discharge in Gmkmch, Salem.IOSR J Dent. 2016;15(07):05-9

[28] Berkowitz FE, Jerris RC.Practical medical microbiology for clinicians.John Wiley & Sons; 2016

[29] Salman SK, Abdulateef YM, Al-Quhli SQT.The association between mycotic pneumonia and neonatal septicemia.Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity. 2024;6(3):137-41.10.1016/j.jobb.2024.06.002

[30] Işik G, Demirezen Ş, Dönmez HG, Beksaç MS.Bacterial vaginosis in association with spontaneous abortion and recurrent pregnancy losses.Journal of cytology. 2016;33(3):135-40.10.4103/0970-9371.188050

[31] Ravel J, Gajer P, Abdo Z, Schneider GM, Koenig SS, McCulle SL, et al.Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2011;108(supplement_1):4680-7.10.1073/pnas.1002611107

[32] O’Hanlon DE, Lanier BR, Moench TR, Cone RA. Cervicovaginal fluid and semen block the microbicidal activity of hydrogen peroxide produced by vaginal lactobacilli.BMC infectious diseases. 2010;10(1):120.10.1186/1471-2334-10-120

[33] Oakeshott P, Hay P, Hay S, Steinke F, Rink E, Kerry S.Association between bacterial vaginosis or chlamydial infection and miscarriage before 16 weeks’ gestation: prospective community based cohort study. Bmj. 2002;325(7376):1334. 10.1136/bmj.325.7376.1334

[34] Hay PE, Lamont RF, Taylor-Robinson D, Morgan DJ, Ison C, Pearson J.Abnormal bacterial colonisation of the genital tract and subsequent preterm delivery and late miscarriage.BMJ. 1994;308(6924):295–298.10.1136/bmj.308.6924.295

[35] Ralph SG, Rutherford AJ, Wilson JD.Influence of bacterial vaginosis on conception and miscarriage in the first trimester: cohort study.BMJ. 1999;319(7204):220–223.10.1136/bmj.319.7204.220

[36] Ugwumadu A, Manyonda I, Reid F, Hay P.Effect of early oral clindamycin on late miscarriage and preterm delivery in asymptomatic women with abnormal vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis: a randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. 2003;361(9362):983–988.10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12823-1

[37] Rai R, Regan L.Recurrent miscarriage.The Lancet. 2006;368(9535):601–611.10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69204-0

[38] Llahi-Camp JM, Rai R, Ison C, Regan L, Taylor-Robinson D.Association of bacterial vaginosis with a history of second trimester miscarriage.Human Reproduction. 1996;11(7):1575–1578.10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019440

[39] Wang L, Huang J, Yang Y, Xie W, Wu S, Lei J, et al. Clinical and subclinical bacterial vaginosis before conception are associated with spontaneous abortion: a population-based retrospective cohort study. Authorea Preprints. 2023. 10.22541/au.169868235.53888163/v1

[40] Donders GG, Van Bulck B, Caudron J, Londers L, Vereecken A, Spitz B. Relationship of bacterial vaginosis and mycoplasmas to the risk of spontaneous abortion.American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2000;183(2):431–437. 10.1067/mob.2000.105738

[41] He L, Wu L, Zhu XF, Huang C. The relationship between vaginal flora changes and spontaneous abortion in early pregnancy at advanced age.Zhongguo Weishengtaxixue Zazhi / Chinese Journal of Microecology. 2023;35:322–326

[42] Motevaseli E, Shirzad M, Raoofian R, Hasheminasab SM, Hatami M, Dianatpour M, et al. Differences in Vaginal Lactobacilli Composition of Iranian Healthy and Bacterial Vaginosis Infected Women: A Comparative Analysis of Their Cytotoxic Effects with Commercial Vaginal Probiotics.Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2013;15(3):199–206

[43] Abdulla SR, Kareem SR, Hasan AH. Vaginal Microbiota Profile in first-trimester miscarriages cases. Cellular and Molecular Biology. 2023;69(8):9–17.10.14715/cmb/2023.69.8.2

[44] Doyle R, Gondwe A, Fan YM, Maleta K, Ashorn P, Klein N, et al.A Lactobacillus-Deficient Vaginal Microbiota Dominates Postpartum Women in Rural Malawi.Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 2018;84(6).10.1128/aem.02150-17

[45] Razzak M, Al-Charrakh A, AL-Greitty B. Relationship between lactobacilli and opportunistic bacterial pathogens associated with vaginitis.North American Journal of Medical Sciences. 2011:185–192.10.4297/najms.2011.3185

[46] Amsel R, Totten PA, Spiegel CA, Chen KCS, Eschenbach D, Holmes KK.Nonspecific vaginitis.The American Journal of Medicine. 1983;74(1):14–22.10.1016/0002-9343(83)91112-9

[47] Machado D.Isolation of Gardnerella vaginalis from pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis in Basrah, Iraq.Bahrain Medical Bulletin 233. 2001

[48] Hashemi H, Shakibapour M, Fazeli H, Varshowsaz J, Aliyari Z, Yousofi Darani H. Molecular Study of Gardnerella vaginalis Isolated from Vaginal Discharge of Women Referring to Gynecology Clinics in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Iran, in 2017.Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2021;16(2).10.5812/archcid.92537

[49] Al-Karbolii MM, Alwan MJ.Bacterial isolation and identification from aborted placenta of women and ewes and goat in Al-Fallujah city.Plant Archieves. 2020;20(1):125-31