Rozaki, Z., Ningrum, F., Ardila, R., Rahmawati, N., Triyono, T. (2025). Welfare Level of Organic Rice Farmers Based on Good Service Ratio, Farmer Household Income Exchange Rate, And Farmers Exchange Rate in Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. , 23(2), 1446-1466. doi: 10.32649/ajas.2025.158404.1626
Z. Rozaki; F. A. Ningrum; R. A. Ardila; N. Rahmawati; T. Triyono. "Welfare Level of Organic Rice Farmers Based on Good Service Ratio, Farmer Household Income Exchange Rate, And Farmers Exchange Rate in Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia". , 23, 2, 2025, 1446-1466. doi: 10.32649/ajas.2025.158404.1626
Rozaki, Z., Ningrum, F., Ardila, R., Rahmawati, N., Triyono, T. (2025). 'Welfare Level of Organic Rice Farmers Based on Good Service Ratio, Farmer Household Income Exchange Rate, And Farmers Exchange Rate in Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia', , 23(2), pp. 1446-1466. doi: 10.32649/ajas.2025.158404.1626
Rozaki, Z., Ningrum, F., Ardila, R., Rahmawati, N., Triyono, T. Welfare Level of Organic Rice Farmers Based on Good Service Ratio, Farmer Household Income Exchange Rate, And Farmers Exchange Rate in Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. , 2025; 23(2): 1446-1466. doi: 10.32649/ajas.2025.158404.1626

Welfare Level of Organic Rice Farmers Based on Good Service Ratio, Farmer Household Income Exchange Rate, And Farmers Exchange Rate in Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences
Volume 23, Issue 2, December 2025, Pages 1446-1466    PDF (666.51 K)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.32649/ajas.2025.158404.1626
Authors
Z. Rozaki* ; F. A. Ningrum; R. A. Ardila; N. Rahmawati; T. Triyono
Department of Agribusiness, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Jl. Brawijaya, Kasihan, Bantul, Yogyakarta 55183, Indonesia
Abstract
Organic rice farming is receiving greater attention from the community due to their increasing awareness of healthy food consumption patterns. This study aimed to determine the level of welfare of organic rice farmer households in Central Java and Yogyakarta. Sampling was carried out using proportional stratified random sampling from five districts for a total of 150 respondents. Data analysis used the good service ratio (GSR), farmer household income exchange rate (FHIER), and farmer exchange rate (FER) approaches. Farming households with GSR and FHIER values of 0.38 and 1.22, respectively are classified as prosperous.  Meanwhile, farmers are still classified as not prosperous because of the FHIER values of 0.72 and FER value of 13.67, meaning that they rely solely on farming income which is inadequate to cover household expenses. The results also show that incomes from organic rice farming contributed to around 18.95% of household incomes. Therefore, farming is feasible to be developed because it has the potential as a source of income for the welfare of farmer households. In addition, the results of the study can be used by stakeholders in supporting productivity, welfare, and even the food security of farmers to encourage economic growth
Keywords
Organic rice; Welfare; GSR; FHIER
References
  1. Addison, M., Anyomi, B. K., Acheampong, P. P., Wongnaa, C. A., and Amaning, T. K. (2023). Key drivers of adoption intensity of selected improved rice technologies in rural Ghana. Scientific African, 19: e01623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01623.
  2. Aderemi, T. A. (2021). Nutritional deficiency and women’s empowerment in agriculture: Evidence from Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 16(4): 314-336. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.319024.
  3. Agussabti, A., Romano, R., Rahmaddiansyah, R., and Isa, R. M. (2020). Factors affecting risk tolerance among small-scale seasonal commodity farmers and strategies for its improvement. Heliyon, 6(12): e05698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05698.
  4. Alhassan, A. K., Boateng, V. F., and Danso-Abbeam, G. (2023). Impact of village saving groups on adoption intensity of sustainable agricultural practices among smallholder farmers in Northern region, Ghana. Agricultural Finance Review, 83(4): 675-690. https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-04-2023-0074.
  5. Anang, B. T., and Asante, B. O. (2020). Farm household access to agricultural services in northern Ghana. Heliyon, 6(11): e05517. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05517.
  6. Ankrah, D. A., Kwapong, N. A., Eghan, D., Adarkwah, F., and Boateng-Gyambiby, D. (2021). Agricultural insurance access and acceptability: examining the case of smallholder farmers in Ghana. Agriculture and Food Security, 10(1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00292-y.
  7. Azzahra, N. A., and Kamarudin, M. F. (2025). Factor Affecting of Food Security in Organic Rice Farming Households: A Finding in Sleman Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research, 44(1). https://doi.org/18805/ajdfr.DRF-373.
  8. Bartóková, Ľ., and Ďurčová, J. (2022). Agricultural sector and its importance for the Slovak economy: Structural analysis. Ekonomický časopis (Journal of Economics), 70(3): 237-263. https://doi.org/10.31577/ekoncas.2022.03.02.
  9. Boughton, D., Goeb, J., Lambrecht, I., Headey, D., Takeshima, H., Mahrt, K., ... and Diao, X. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 on agricultural production and food systems in late transforming Southeast Asia: The case of Myanmar. Agricultural Systems, 188: 103026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.103026.
  10. Chamberlin, J., and Jayne, T. S. (2020). Does farm structure affect rural household incomes? Evidence from Tanzania. Food Policy, 90: 101805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.101805.
  11. Feyisa, B. W., Haji, J., and Mirzabaev, A. (2023). The impact of adoption of milk safety practices on food and nutrition security: Evidence from smallholder dairy farmers in Ethiopia. Research in Globalization, 7: 100157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resglo.2023.100157.
  12. Getnet, M. T., Ketema, M., Alemu, B. A., and Demilew, G. (2022). Rural livelihood portfolios and determinants of livelihood diversification among rural households in north-western Ethiopia. Ethiopian Renaissance Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 9(2): 70-82.
  13. Heryadi, D. Y., Tedjaningsih, T., and Hartoyo, T. (2025). Can organic rice agribusiness increase farmers’ income? between expectations and reality. International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies, 8(6): 128-133. https://doi.org/10.53894/ijirss.v8i6.9513.
  14. Hussain, M. M., Bibi, I., Niazi, N. K., Nawaz, M. F., and Rinklebe, J. (2021). Impact of organic and inorganic amendments on arsenic accumulation by rice genotypes under paddy soil conditions: A pilot-scale investigation to assess health risk. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 420: 126620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126620.
  15. Idawati, I., Sasongko, N. A., Santoso, A. D., Septiani, M., Handayani, T., Sakti, A. Y. N., and Purnamasari, B. D. (2024). Cocoa farmers’ characteristics on climate variability and its effects on climate change adaptation strategy. J. Environ. Sci. Manag, 10(1): 337-354. https://doi.org/10.22034/gjesm.2024.01.21.
  16. Jahantab, M., Abbasi, B., and Le Bodic, P. (2023). Farmland allocation in the conversion from conventional to organic farming. European Journal of Operational Research, 311(3): 1103-1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2023.05.019.
  17. Korotchenya, V. (2022). Ideal final result for agriculture: Striving for sustainability. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 655: 405-416. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17288-5_34.
  18. Kumar, K. K., and Moharaj, P. (2023). Farm size and productivity relationship among the farming communities in India. Outlook on Agriculture, 52(2): 212-227.
  19. Kumari, S., and Maurya, M. (2023). Economic evaluation of cost and returns of potato crop towards livelihood security of farmers in the Nalanda District of Bihar. Economic Affairs (New Delhi), 68(4): 1929-1935.
  20. Li, Y., and Zhang, Z. (2023). Research on farmers’ adoption of additional technology combinations: Practice from Chongqing, China. PLoS One, 18(11): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0294862.
  21. Mburu, J. K., Muriithi, B. W., and Kassie, M. (2023). Impact of sustainable agricultural practices on productivity and food security: Evidence from Kenya. Food Security, 15(2): 303-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-022-01307-4.
  22. Moslemi, M., and Delavari, A. (2023). The impact of ICT adoption on the performance of agricultural cooperatives in Iran. Information Processing in Agriculture, 10(3): 490-502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inpa.2022.07.006.
  23. Otekunrin, O. A., Momoh, S., and Otekunrin, O. A. (2023). Agricultural innovation and youth participation in agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Nigeria. Agricultural Systems, 205: 103570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103570.
  24. Pede, V. O., and Pradesha, A. (2023). Farm mechanization and female labor: A systematic review of the evidence. Agricultural Systems, 209: 103716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2023.103716.
  25. Pingali, P. L. (2007). Agricultural mechanization: Adoption patterns and economic impact. Handbook of Agricultural Economics, 3: 2779-2805. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(06)03055-2.
  26. Quisumbing, A. R., Rubin, D., Manfre, C., Waithanji, E., van den Bold, M., Olney, D., Johnson, N., and Meinzen-Dick, R. (2015). Gender, assets, and market-oriented agriculture: Learning from high-value crop and livestock projects in Africa and Asia. Agriculture and Human Values, 32(4): 705-725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9587-x.
  27. Rahayu, L., Larasati, D. A., Rozaki, Z., Wijaya, O., and Rubiyanto, C. W. (2025). Covid-19 impact on food security and households poverty of red upland rice farmer in Semanu District, Gunungkidul Regency. In BIO Web of Conferences, 155: 01027. EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202515501027.
  28. Rahut, D. B., Ali, A., and Behera, B. (2020). Domestic use of solar energy and its impact on income and expenditure: Evidence from Bhutan. Renewable Energy, 155: 882-892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.157.
  29. Rios, A. R., and Shively, G. E. (2006). Farm size and nonparametric efficiency measurements for coffee farms in Vietnam. International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference, Gold Coast, Australia.
  30. Riwthong, S., Schreinemachers, P., Grovermann, C., and Berger, T. (2017). Agricultural commercialization: Risk perceptions, risk management and the role of pesticides in Thailand. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 38(3): 264-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2016.07.002.
  31. Robinson, L. W., Ericksen, P. J., Chesterman, S., and Worden, J. S. (2018). Sustainable intensification in drylands: What resilience and vulnerability can tell us. Agricultural Systems, 173: 133-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2017.11.002.
  32. Rondhi, M., Suherman, S. J. H., Hensie, C. B., Ulum, S., Suwandari, A., Mori, Y., and Kondo, T. (2024). Urbanization Impacts on Rice Farming Technical Efficiency: A Comparison of Irrigated and Non-Irrigated Areas in Indonesia. Water, 16(5): 651. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16050651.
  33. Rozaki, Z., Alifah, S., Rahmawati, N., Al Hadi, S. S., Ardila, R. A., Pamungkas, H. W., and Fathurrohman, Y. E. (2025). Market Dynamics and Consumer Preferences for Organic Rice Purchase in Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Research on World Agricultural Economy, 6(1): 245-260. https://doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v6i1.1398.
  34. Sadoulet, E., de Janvry, A., and Davis, B. (2001). Cash transfer programs with income multipliers: PROCAMPO in Mexico. World Development, 29(6): 1043-1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00023-X.
  35. Schreinemachers, P., Chen, H. P., Nguyen, T. T. L., Buntong, B., Bouapao, L., Gautam, S., Le, N. T., Pinn, T., and Srinivasan, R. (2017). Too much to handle? Pesticide dependence of smallholder vegetable farmers in Southeast Asia. Science of the Total Environment, 593-594: 470-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.181.
  36. Sekabira, H., and Qaim, M. (2017). Can mobile phones improve gender equality in access to agricultural extension services? Evidence from Uganda. Food Policy, 73: 95-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2017.10.004.
  37. Sharma, R., and Singh, R. (2022). Climate change adaptation strategies and gender dynamics in agriculture: Evidence from India. Journal of Cleaner Production, 372: 133683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133683.
  38. Sibhatu, K. T., and Qaim, M. (2018). Review: Meta-analysis of the association between crop diversity, dietary diversity and nutritional outcomes. Food Policy, 77: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2018.04.013.
  39. Silvestri, S., Bryan, E., Ringler, C., Herrero, M., and Okoba, B. (2012). Climate change perception and adaptation of agro-pastoral communities in Kenya. Regional Environmental Change, 12(4): 791-802. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-012-0293-6.
  40. Spielman, D. J., and Pandya-Lorch, R. (2009). Millions fed: Proven successes in agricultural development. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Washington, D.C. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896296619.
  41. Sun, Z., and Zhu, X. (2022). Digital technology adoption and agricultural productivity in China: Evidence from a panel dataset. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 183: 121883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121883.
  42. Suri, T. (2011). Selection and comparative advantage in technology adoption. Econometrica, 79(1): 159-209. https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA8185.
  43. Takahashi, K., and Barrett, C. B. (2014). The system of rice intensification and its impacts on household income and child schooling: Evidence from rural Indonesia. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 96(1): 269-289. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aat086.
  44. Tanjung, G. S., Suryantini, A., and Utami, A. W. (2021). The priorities of leading sub-sector in the sector of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries in economic development in bangka belitung province. AGRARIS: Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development Research, 7(2): 160-175. https://doi.org/10.18196/agraris.v7i2.11615.
  45. Thapa, G., Kumar, A., Joshi, P. K., and Pingali, P. (2020). Agricultural transformation in Asia: Policy options for food and nutrition security. Global Food Security, 26: 100417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100417.
  46. Thuo, M., Bell, A. A., Bravo-Ureta, B. E., Lachaud, M. A., Okello, J. J., Okumu, B. N., and Alene, A. D. (2014). Effects of social network factors on information acquisition and adoption of agricultural technology: Evidence from northern Uganda. Agricultural and Human Values, 31(3): 497-508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-014-9488-x.
  47. Tura, H., Ayenew, D., Yigezu, Y. A., and La Rovere, R. (2022). Livelihood impacts of improved agricultural technologies: The case of wheat in Ethiopia. Food Security, 14(2): 431-448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01243-w.
  48. Van den Bold, M., Quisumbing, A. R., and Gillespie, S. (2013). Women’s empowerment and nutrition: An evidence review. IFPRI Discussion Paper 01294. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896298477.
  49. Wang, H., Ren, H., Han, K., Zhang, L., Zhao, Y., Liu, Y., ... and Liu, P. (2023). Experimental assessment of the yield gap associated with maize production in the North China Plain. Field Crops Research, 295: 108897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2023.108897.
  50. Xu, H., Fan, Z., Ahmad, F., and Zhang, D. (2023). Exploring the ecological protection impacts of cultivated land transfer: Explanation based on fertilizers and pesticides. Ecological Indicators, 154: 110681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110681.
Statistics
Article View: 447
PDF Download: 215


Journal Management System. Powered by iJournalPro.com