Iloabachie, I., Nwankwo, A., Ogbu, C. (2025). Tribological properties evaluation of powdered pentaclethra macrophylla pod and gum-arabic for brake pad. , 43(12), 1164-1177. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.157355.1900
I. C. C. Iloabachie; A. M. Nwankwo; C. C. Ogbu. "Tribological properties evaluation of powdered pentaclethra macrophylla pod and gum-arabic for brake pad". , 43, 12, 2025, 1164-1177. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.157355.1900
Iloabachie, I., Nwankwo, A., Ogbu, C. (2025). 'Tribological properties evaluation of powdered pentaclethra macrophylla pod and gum-arabic for brake pad', , 43(12), pp. 1164-1177. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.157355.1900
Iloabachie, I., Nwankwo, A., Ogbu, C. Tribological properties evaluation of powdered pentaclethra macrophylla pod and gum-arabic for brake pad. , 2025; 43(12): 1164-1177. doi: 10.30684/etj.2025.157355.1900

Tribological properties evaluation of powdered pentaclethra macrophylla pod and gum-arabic for brake pad

Engineering and Technology Journal
Volume 43, Issue 12, December 2025, Pages 1164-1177    PDF (1.03 M)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.30684/etj.2025.157355.1900
Authors
I. C. C. Iloabachie* 1; A. M. Nwankwo2; C. C. Ogbu3
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Umuagwo, Imo state, Nigeria.
2Works and Engineering Services, Federal Polytechnic, Oko. Anambra State, Nigeria.
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu, Nigeria.
Abstract
This study evaluated the tribological properties of an eco-friendly brake pad. Pentaclethra macrophylla pod was pulverized into powder form and sieved. Two particle sizes of 150 μm and 210 μm were obtained after sieving, and the sieved particles were divided into two portions, with one portion carbonized and the other uncarbonized. The brake pad composite was produced by varying the composition of powdered reinforcement in the order of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wt.%. The formulation was poured into a metal mould 50 × 50 × 8 mm3, placed in a hot platen press at a temperature of about 180 °C, a molding pressure of 15 MPa, and a curing time of 5 minutes. Post-heat treatment of the composites was performed in a hot air oven for a period of 4 hours at 180 °C. The produced brake pads were evaluated for wear rate, coefficient of friction, and flame resistance. The results showed that the coefficient of friction and flame resistance of the brake pads increased as the weight percentage composition of the powdered reinforcement increased, while the wear rate decreased. The 150 μm particle size of the powdered reinforcement recorded higher coefficient of friction values and lower wear rate. The carbonized powdered reinforcement had better resistance to the flame test. Wear rate value of 3.19 mg/m, coefficient of friction value of 0.3-0.4, and flame resistance of about 8.2% showed that powdered reinforcement is a promising reinforcement material for the production of eco-friendly brake pads.

Highlights
  • The study introduced a novel, cost-effective approach for producing quality asbestos-free brake pads.
  • Pentaclethra Macrophylla pod was used as a local reinforcement in asbestos-free brake pad production.
  • Carbonization was applied as a surface modification to improve the flame resistance of the brake pad.
  • Particle size and surface treatment of reinforcement affected wear resistance and friction coefficient.
Keywords
Pentaclethra macrophylla pod; Wear rate; Flame resistance; Coefficient of friction; Carbonization
References
  1. I. C. C. Iloabachie, C. U. Atuanya, C. C. Ogbu, Optimization Analysis of Hardness Test for Powdered Pentaclethra Macrophylla Pod /Bio-Epoxy Resin-Based Brake Pad Composite Using Central Composite Design, J. Eng. Res. Rep., 24 (2023) 19–28 . http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/JERR/2023/v24i12857
  2. T. P. D. Rajan, R. M. Pillai, B. C. Pai, K. G. Satyanarayana, P. K. Rohatgi‏, Fabrication and Characterization of Al–7Si–0.35Mg/Fly Ash Metal Matrix Composites Processed by Different Stir Casting Routes, Compos. Sci. Technol., 67 (2007) 3369–3377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.03.028
  3. M. A. Maleque, S. Dyuti , M. M. Rahman, Material Selection Method in Design of Automotive Brake Disc, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering, London, 2010.
  4. D. A. Bashar, P. B. Madakson, J. Manji, Material Selection and Production of a Cold-Worked Composite Brake Pad, World J. Eng. Pure , Appl. Sci., 2 (2012) 92–97.
  5. K. B. Sugozu, B. Daghan, A. Akdemir, N. Ataberk‏, Friction and Wear Properties of Friction Materials Containing Nano/Micro-Sized Sio2 Particles, Ind. Lubr. Tribol.,68 (2016) 259–266. https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-06-2015-0083
  6. S. Kapoor, M. Sanjeev‏, A Paper Review on the Scope of Non-Asbestos and Natural Waste Materials, Int. J. Adv. Eng. Res. Sci., 3 (2016) 107–112.
  7. U. D. Idris, V. S. Aigbodion, I. J. Abubakar, C. I. Nwoye, Eco-friendly asbestos-free pad: Using banana peels, J. King Saud Univ. Eng. Sci., 27 (2015) 185–192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2013.06.006
  8. K. K. Ikpambese, D. T. Gundu, L. T. Tuleun‏, Evaluation of Palm Kernel Fibers (PKFs) for Production of Asbestos-Free Automotive Brake Pads, J. King Saud Univ. Eng. Sci., 28 (2014) 110–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2014.02.001
  9. Aigbodion, V. S. & Agunsoye, J. O. Bagasse (Sugarcane waste): Non-Asbestos Free Brake Pad Materials; LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 2010.
  10. A. O. A. Ibhadode, I. M. Dagwa‏, The Development of Asbestos–Free Friction Lining Material from Palm Kernel Shell, J. Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. & Eng., 30 (2008)166–173. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-58782008000200010
  11. C. M. Ruzaidi, H. Kamarudin, J. B. Shamsul, A. M. Al Bakri, A. Alida‏, Morphology and Wear Properties of Palm Ash and PCB Waste Brake Pad, International Conference on Asia Agriculture and Animal IPCBEE, Singapore, 1, 2011, 145–149. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2659.9682
  12. R. B. Mathur, P. Thiyagarajan, T. L. Dhami, Controlling the Hardness and Tribological Behavior of Non-Asbestos Brake Lining Materials for Automobiles, J. Carbon Sci., 5 (2004) 6–11.
  13. M. A. Maleque, A. Atiqah, R.J. Talib, H. Zahurin‏, New Natural Fibre Reinforced Aluminium Composite for Automotive Brake Pad, Int. J. Mech. Mater. Eng.,7 (2012) 166–170.
  14. S. S. Lawal, K. C. Bala, A. T. Alegbede‏ , Development and Production of Brake Pad from Sawdust Composite, Leonardo J. Sci., 30 (2017) 47–56.
  15. I. C. C. Iloabachie, S. M. O. Obiorah, I. C. Ezema, V. I. Henry, O. H. Chime‏, Effects of Carbonization on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Coconut Shell Particle Reinforced Polyester Composite, Int. J. Res. Adv. Eng. Technol., 3 (2017) 62–69.
  16. H. Jin, Y. Wu, S. Hou, Y. Li, M. Liu, Z. Ji, J. Yuan‏, The Effect of Spherical Silica Powder on the Tribological Behavior of Phenolic Resin–Based Friction Materials, Tribol. Lett., 51 (2013) 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-013-0146-6
  17. V. S. Aigbodion, U. Akadike, S. B. Hassan, F. Asuke, J. O. Agunsoye‏ , Development of asbestos – free brake pad using bagasse, Tribol. Ind., 32 (2010) 12–18.
  18. Tudu,‏ P. Processing and Characterization of Natural Rubber Reinforced Polymer Composites. Bachelor’s Thesis, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 2009.
  19. M. Kumar, J. Bijwe‏, Role of Different Metallic Fillers in Non-Asbestos Organic (NAO) Friction Composites for Controlling Sensitivity of Coefficient of Friction to Load and Speed, Tribol. Int., 43 (2010) 965–974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2009.12.062
  20. I. C. Iloabachie, B. O. Okpe, T. O. Nnamani, A. C. Chime, The Effect of Carbonization Temperatures on Proximate Analysis of Coconut Shell, Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol., 2 (2018) 30–32.
  21. G. Chen, J. Chen, C. Srinivasakannan, J. Peng‏, Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of the Synthesis of Synthetic Rutile from Titania Slag, Appl. Surf. Sci., 258 (2012) 3068–3073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.11.039
Statistics
Article View: 57
PDF Download: 51


Journal Management System. Powered by iJournalPro.com