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Adsorptive Removal of Tetracycline from Aqueous Media Using Biomass-Derived Activated Carbon from Palm Seeds | ||
| Kirkuk Journal of Science | ||
| Volume 20, Issue 4, December 2025, Pages 1-9 PDF (542.48 K) | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.32894/kujss.2025.161820.1220 | ||
| Authors | ||
| AHMAD MUHAMMAD SANI* ; Abdulrahim Ibrahim; Abdulrazak A; Alhassan Kabiru Usman; Abdullahi Usman Umar; Kamal Dan'azumi; Nathaniel Zaki Elisha | ||
| Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, College of Science, Kaduna State University, Nigeria. | ||
| Abstract | ||
| This study demonstrates the efficient removal of tetracycline (96.4%) from aqueous solutions using acrylonitrile-grafted palm seed activated carbon, optimized at pH 10 and lower temperatures (25 °C). Batch experiments revealed that adsorption capacity peaked at 350 mg/L (70% removal) under vigorous agitation (750 rpm), while adsorbent dosage critically influenced performance, with 0.9 g achieving 92.1% removal. Characterization via FTIR, SEM, and XRD confirmed the material’s porous structure (65.54% carbon, 30.52% nitrogen) and graphitic crystallinity, enabling strong π-π interactions. The exothermic process exhibited reduced efficiency at higher temperatures (7% at 45 °C) and larger adsorbent-adsorbate solution volume (20.1% at 150 mL). These results highlight the adsorbent’s cost-effectiveness and sustainability for water treatment, offering a viable alternative to conventional methods. The adsorbent was chemically modified through grafting with acrylonitrile to enhance its surface functionality and adsorption capacity. These findings demonstrate that acrylonitrile-grafted palm seed activated carbon is a promising, eco-friendly, and efficient adsorbent for removing tetracycline from contaminated water, providing a sustainable alternative to conventional treatment technologies. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Tetracycline removal; Biomass-derived activated carbon; Palm seed adsorbent; Acrylonitrile grafting; Water purification | ||
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