-, R. (2025). Reconciling the conflicting hadiths received from the Companions regarding the legitimacy of opinion. , 16(4), 2355-2401. doi: 10.34278/aujis.2025.190002
Rasul Piro Ahmad -. "Reconciling the conflicting hadiths received from the Companions regarding the legitimacy of opinion". , 16, 4, 2025, 2355-2401. doi: 10.34278/aujis.2025.190002
-, R. (2025). 'Reconciling the conflicting hadiths received from the Companions regarding the legitimacy of opinion', , 16(4), pp. 2355-2401. doi: 10.34278/aujis.2025.190002
-, R. Reconciling the conflicting hadiths received from the Companions regarding the legitimacy of opinion. , 2025; 16(4): 2355-2401. doi: 10.34278/aujis.2025.190002

Reconciling the conflicting hadiths received from the Companions regarding the legitimacy of opinion

Anbar University Journal of Islamic Sciences
Article 5, Volume 16, Issue 4, December 2025, Pages 2355-2401    PDF (7.91 M)
DOI: 10.34278/aujis.2025.190002
Author
Rasul Piro Ahmad -
Salahaddin University – Erbil / College of Islamic Science
Abstract
 This research is a purposeful scientific study that deals with how imams and great scholars deal with the hadiths reported by the Companions regarding acting according to opinion in the field of deducing Sharia rulings. The books of narrations and reports have recorded a large group of narrations, some of which justify the action of opinion, and some of which invalidate it.  This study comes to review the efforts of scholars to reconcile these effects, and to reject the apparent contradiction that is seen in them.  The study addressed this issue through three chapters:  The first chapter deals with explaining the meanings of opinion in the terminology of jurists.  The second chapter deals with the effects that permit acting according to opinion. While the third chapter deals with the effects that disparage the opinion, The study showed that the supporters of the school of opinion preceded others in searching for reconciliation between these conflicting effects. It also showed that there are many ways in which the effects that disparage opinion and invalidate action are carried out, all of which are legitimate.
 

Highlights

 

 
 
 
 
Keywords
opinion; text; jurisprudence; evidence; companions
Full Text

 

 
 
 
 
References

 

 

  • After the Holy Quran.
    • Abdul Majeed Mahmoud (d:1443AH), Alittijahat alfiqhiya ʻinda aṣḥab al-ḥadīth fi al-qarn althālth alhjryi, Egypt, Al-Khanji Library, 1979AD.
    • Abdul Rahman bin Muammar Al-Senussi, Al-Ijtihād bilrraʼy fī ʻaṣr al-khilāfah alrrāshida, 1nd ed, Kuwait, Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, 2011.
    • Khallaf, Abdul Wahhab (d: 1375 AH), Al-Ijtihād bilrraʼy, 1nd ed, Cairo, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, 1950 AD.
    • Al-Baji, Suleiman bin Khalaf Al-Maliki (d: 474 AH), ihkam alfusul fi ahkam alusul, ed: Abdul Majeed Turki, 2nd Edition, Beirut, Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, 1995 AD.
    • Ibn Hazm Al-Dhahiri, Ali bin Ahmed (d: 456 AH), Al-Ihkaam fi Usul Al-Hakam, Beirut, Dar Al-Afaq Al-Jadeeda.
    • Al-Amidi, Saif Al-Din Ali bin Muhammad Al-Shafi'i (d: 631 AH), Al-Ihkaam fi Usul Al-Hakam, 2nd ed, Damascus, Islamic Office, 1402 AH.
    • Muhammad Awamah, Adab al-Ikhtilāf fī masāʼil al-ʻIlm wa-al-dīn, Medina, Dar Al-Yusr, 3nd ed, 2007AD.
    • Al-Albani, Muhammad Nasir al-Din (d: 1420 AH), Irwa al-Ghalil fi Takhrej Ahadith Manar al-Sabil, supervision: Zuhair al-Shawish, 2nd ed, Beirut, Al-maktab Al-Islami, 1985 AD.
    • Al-Zamakhshari, Mahmoud bin Amr (d: 538 AH), Asas Al-Balagha, ed: Muhammad Basil Oyoun Al-Sud, 1nd ed, Beirut, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, 1998 AD.
    • Ali Hasab Allah, 'Usul Al-Tashri Al-Islami, Cairo, 5nd ed, Dar Al-Maarif, 1396 AH 1976 AD.
    • Al-Sarkhasi, Muhammad bin Ahmed (d: 483 AH), Usul Al-Sarkhasi, ed: Abu Al-Wafa Al-Afghani, Hyderabad, Lajnat Ihya Al-Maarif Al-nu'manyya.
    • Muhammad Mustafa Shalabi (d: 1418 AH), Usul al-Fiqh al-Islamiyya, 1nd ed, Beirut, Maktab Al-Jami'a, 1403 AH - 1983 AD.
    • Wahba Al-Zuhaili (d: 1436 AH), Usul al-Fiqh al-Islamiyya, 1nd ed, Damascus, Dar al-Fikr, 1406 AH 1986 AD.
    • Ibn Muflih, Shams al-Din Muhammad al-Maqdisi al-Hanbali (d: 763 AH), Usul al-Fiqh, ed: Fahd bin Muhammad al-Sadhan, 1nd ed, Riyadh, Obeikan Library, 1420 AH - 1999 AD.
    • Al-Shatibi, Ibrahim bin Musa Al-Maliki (d: 790 AH), Al-I'tisam, ed: Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman Al-Shuqair, Saad bin Abdullah Al Humaid, and Hisham bin Ismail Al-Chinese, 1nd ed, Riyadh, Dar Ibn Al-Jawzi, 1429 AH 2008 AD.
    • Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr (d: 751 AH), Iʻlām almwqghyn ʻan Rabb al-ʻālamīn, investigated by: Muhammad Abd al-Salam Ibrahim, 1nd ed, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1411 AH - 1991 AD.
    • Al-Zarkashi, Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Bahadur Al-Shafi'i (d: 794 AH), al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī uṣūl al-fiqh, 1nd ed, Cairo, Dar Al-Ketbi, 1414 AH - 1994 AD.
    • Ibn al-Mulaqqin, Omar bin Ali al-Shafi'i (d: 804 AH), al-Badr al-munīr fī takhrīj al-aḥādīth wa-al-āthār al-wāqiʻah fī al-sharḥ al-kabīr, ed: Mustafa Aboul Gheit, Abdullah bin Suleiman, and Yasser bin Kamal, 1st edition, Riyadh, Dar Al-Hijrah, 1425 AH - 2005 AD.
    • Muhammad Al-Khudari (d: 1345 AH), Tārīkh al-tashrīʻ al-Islāmī, 1nd ed, Cairo, Islamic Distribution and Publishing House, 1427 AH 2006 AD.
    • Manna Khalil Al-Qattan (d: 1420 AH), Tārīkh al-tashrīʻ al-Islāmī, 5nd ed, Cairo, Wahba Library, 1420 AH 2001 AD.
    • Elias Dardour, Tārīkh al-Fiqh al-Islāmī, 1nd ed, Beirut, Dar Ibn Hazm, 1431 AH 2010 AD.
    • Badran Abu Al-Enein Badran, Tārīkh al-Fiqh al-Islāmī, Beirut, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya.
    • Al-Sais, Muhammad Ali, Tārīkh al-Fiqh al-Islāmī, Beirut, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya.
    • Abu Zahra, Muhammad (d: 1394 AH), Tārīkh al-madhāhib al-Islāmīyah fī al-siyāsah wa-al-ʻaqāʼid wa-al-madhāhib al-fiqhīyah, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, Cairo.
    • Al-Lakhmi, Ali bin Muhammad Al-Maliki (d: 478 AH), Al-Tabsirah, ed: Ahmed Abdul Karim Najib, 1nd ed, Qatar, Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, 1432 AH - 2011 AD.
    • Muhammad Mustafa Shalaby (d: 1418 AH), Taleel Al-Ahkam, Cairo, Al-Azhar Press, 1947 AH.
    • Al-Tabari, Muhammad bin Jarir (310 AH), Tafsir al-Tabari called: Jāmiʻ al-Bayān ʻan Taʼwīl āy al-Qurʼān, ed: Abdullah bin Abdul Mohsen Al-Turki, 1nd ed, Cairo, Dar Hajar, 1422 AH - 2001 AD.
    • Al-Juwayni, Abdul Malik bin Abdullah Al-Shafi'i (d: 478 AH), Alttalkhiṣ fī uṣūl al-fiqh, ed: Abdullah Jolem Al-Nabali, and Bashir Ahmed Al-Omari, Beirut, Dar Al-Bashaer Al-Islamiyya.
    • Ibn al-Mulqin, Omar bin Ali bin Ahmed al-Shafi'i (d: 804 AH), Al-ttawḍeeḥ li-sharh al-Jāmiʻ alssahyh, ed: Dar Al-Falah for Scientific Research and Heritage Investigation under the supervision of: Khaled Al-Rabat, and Juma Fathi, 1nd ed, Damascus, Dar Al-Nawadir, 1429 AH-2008 AD.
    • Ibn Abd al-Barr, Yusuf bin Abdullah al-Qurtubi al-Maliki (d: 463 AH), Jami' Bayan al-'Ilm wa Fadlah, ed: Abu al-Ashbal al-Zuhairi, 1nd ed, Riyadh, Dar Ibn al-Jawzi, 1414 AH-1994 AD.
    • Al-Mawardi, Ali bin Muhammad Al-Shafi'i (d: 450 AH), Al-Hawi Al-Kabir, ed: Ali Muhammad Moawad, Adel Ahmed Abdel Mawgoud, 1nd ed, Beirut, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, 1419 AH-1999 AD.
    • Abdul Wahhab Khallaf (d: 1375 AH), Khulāṣat Tārīkh alttashreeʻ al-Islāmī, Kuwait, Dar Al-Qalam.
    • Muhammad Mukhtar Al-Qadi, Al-Rai fi Al-Fiqh Al-Islamiyya, 1nd ed, Cairo, Al-Fikra Press, 1368 AH-1949 AD.
    • Ibn Qudamah, Abdullah bin Ahmed al-Maqdisi al-Hanbali (d: 620 AH), Rawdat al-Nazir wa Jannat al-Manazir, ed: Dr. Shaaban Muhammad Ismail, 2nd ed, Al-Rayyan Foundation, 1423 AH-2002 AD.
    • Al-Albani, Muhammad Nasir al-Din (d: 1420 AH), Silsilat al-aḥādīth alḍḍaʻyfh wa-al-mawḍūʻah wa-atharuhā alssayyiʼ fī alʼmmah, Riyadh, Al-Maaref Library, 1nd ed, 1412 AH 1425 AH.
    • Abu Dawood, Suleiman bin Al-Ash'ath Al-Sijistani (d: 275 AH), Sunan Abi Dawood, ed: Shuaib Al-Arnaout, Muhammad Kamel Qarah Billy, 1nd ed, Beirut, Dar Al-Resala Al-Alamiyya, 1430 AH-2009 AD.
    • Al-Tirmidhi, Muhammad bin Issa (d: 279 AH), Sunan Al-Tirmidhi, ed: Bashar Awad Maarouf, 1nd ed, Beirut, Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, 1996 AD.
    • Al-Bayhaqi, Ahmed bin Al-Hussein bin Ali (d: 458 AH), Al-Sunan Al-Kubra, ed: Muhammad Abdul Qadir Atta, 3ns ed, Beirut, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, 1424 AH-2003 AD.
    • Al-Nasa'i, Ahmad bin Shuaib (d: 303 AH), Al-Sunan Al-Kubra, ed: Hassan Abdel Moneim Shalabi, ed: Shuaib Al-Arnaout, 1nd ed, Beirut, Al-Risala Foundation, 1421 AH-2001 AD.
    • Ibn al-Tilmisani, Abdullah bin Muhammad al-Maliki (d: 644 AH), Sharh al-Maalim fi Usul al-Fiqh, ed: Adel Ahmed Abdel Mawgoud, and Ali Muhammad Moawad, 1nd ed, Beirut, world of books, 1419 AH-1999 AD.
    • Abu al-Thana al-Isfahani, Mahmoud bin Abdul Rahman (d: 749 AH), Bayan al-Mukhtasar Sharh Mukhtasar Ibn al-Hajib, ed: Muhammad Mazhar Baqa, 1nd ed, Saudi Arabia, Dar al-Madani, 1406 AH-1986 AD.
    • Al-Tufi, Najm al-Din Suleiman bin Abdul Qawi al-Hanbali (d: 716 AH), Sharh Mukhtasar al-Rawdah, ed: Abdullah bin Abdul Mohsen al-Turki, 1nd ed, Beirut, Al-Resala Foundation, 1407 AH-1987 AD.
    • Nashwan bin Saeed Al-Himiari (d: 573 AH), Shams al-Uloom wa Dawa Kalam al-Arab min al-Kallum, ed: Hussein bin Abdullah al-Omari, Mutahar bin Ali al-Eryani, and Yusuf Muhammad Abdullah, 1nd ed, Damascus, Dar al-Fikr, 1420 AH-1999 AD.
    • Al-Tahawi, Ahmed bin Muhammad Al-Hanafi (d: 321 AH), Sharḥ mushkil al-Āthār, ed: Shuaib Al-Arnaout, 1nd ed, Beirut, Al-Resala Foundation, 1415 AH 1994 AD.
    • Al-Bukhari, Muhammad bin Ismail (d: 256 AH), Sahih Al-Bukhari, ed: Dr. Mustafa Deeb Al-Bagha, 5nd ed, 1414 AH, Damascus, Dar Ibn Kathir, 1993 AD.
    • Muslim bin al-Hajjaj al-Nisaburi (d: 261 AH), Sahih Muslim, ed: Muhammad Fouad Abd al-Baqi, Cairo, Issa al-Babi al-Halabi and Co. Press, 1374 AH-1955 AD.
    • Abu Yala al-Farra, Muhammad ibn al-Husayn al-Hanbali (d: 458 AH), al-uddah fi Usul al-Fiqh, ed: Ahmed bin Ali bin Sir al-Mubaraki, 1st edition, 1410 AH 1990 AD.
    • Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Ahmad ibn Ali al-Shafi'i (d: 852 AH), Fath al-Bari Fi Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari, Moheb al-Din al-Khatib, Beirut, Dar al-Maarifa, 1379 AH.
    • Al-Jassas, Ahmed bin Ali Al-Razi Al-Hanafi (d: 370 AH), Al-Fusūl fī al-usūl, 2nd ed, Kuwait, Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs, 1414 AH-1994 AD.
    • Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi, Ahmed bin Ali (d: 463 AH), Al-Faqīh wālmutafqqih, ed: Abu Abdul Rahman Adel bin Yusuf Al-Gharazi, 2nd ed, Dar Ibn Al-Jawzi, 1421 AH.
    • Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Hajwi al-Thaalbi al-Fassi (d: 1376 AH), Al-Fikr alssāmy fī Tārīkh al-fiqh alʼslāmyyi, 1nd ed, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1416 AH 1995 AD.
    • Al-Firouzabadi, Muhammad bin Yaqoub (d: 817 AH), Al-Qāmūs al-muḥīṭ, ed: Heritage Investigation Office at Al-Risala Foundation, supervised by: Muhammad Naim Al-Arqsousi, 8th Edition, Beirut, Al-Resala Foundation, 1426 AH-2005 AD.
    • Al-Samaani, Mansour bin Muhammad Al-Shafi'i (d: 489 AH), Qawāṭiʻ alʼdllah fī al-uṣūl, investigated by: Muhammad Hassan Muhammad Hassan Ismail, 1nd ed, Beirut, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, 1418 AH-1999 AD.
    • Ibn Hazm al-Dhaheri, Ali bin Ahmed (d: 456 AH), al-Kafiyya fi Ahkam Usul al-Din, ed: Muhammad Ahmad Abdul Aziz, 1nd ed, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1405 AH-1985 AD.
    • Al-Juwayni, Abd al-Malik bin Abdullah al-Shafi'i (d: 478 AH), al-Kafiyya fi al-Jadal, ed: Fawqiyya Hussein Mahmoud, Cairo, Issa al-Babi al-Halabi & Sons Press, 1399 AH-1979 AD.
    • Alaa al-Din al-Bukhari, Abdul Aziz bin Ahmed al-Hanafi (d: 730 AH), Kashf al-Asrar Sharh Usul al-Bazdawi, 1nd ed, Istanbul, Ottoman Press Company, 1308 AH-1890 AD.
    • Ibn al-Munaeir, Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Iskandarani al-Maliki (d: 683 AH), al-Mutawārī ʻalá tarājim abwāb al-Bukhārī, ed: Salah al-Din Maqbool Ahmad, Kuwait, al-Mualla Library.
    • Ibn al-Arabi, Muhammad bin Abdullah al-Ishbili al-Maliki (d: 543 AH), al-Mahsul, ed: Hussein Ali al-Yadri, Saeed Fouda, 1nd ed, Amman, Dar al-Bayariq, 1420 AH-1999 AD.
    • Ibn Sida, Ali bin Ismail Al-Andalusi (d: 458 AH), al-Muḥkam wa-al-Muḥīṭ al-Aẓam, ed: Abdul Hamid Hindawi, 1nd ed, Beirut, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, 1421 AH 2000 AD.
    • Ibn Hazm al-Dhahiri, Ali bin Ahmed bin Saeed (d: 456 AH), al-Muḥallá bi al-āthār, ed: Abdul Ghaffar Suleiman al-Bendary, Beirut, Dar al-Fikr.
    • Al-Saheb Ibn Abbad, Ismail Al-Taliqani (d: 385 AH), al-Muhīṭ fī al-lughah, ed: Muhammad Hassan Al Yassin, 1nd ed, Beirut, World of Books, 1414 AH 1994 AD.
    • Madkour, Muhammad Salam (d: 1405 AH), Madkhal al-fiqh al-Islāmī, Cairo, National House, 1384 AH 1964 AD.
    • Muhammad Mustafa Shalabi (d: 1418 AH), al-Madkhal fī al-fiqh al-Islāmī, 10nd ed, Beirut, University House, 1405 AH-1985 AD.
    • Abd al-Karim Zaidan (d: 1435 AH), Introduction to the Study of Islamic Law, Alexandria, Dar Omar Ibn Al-Khattab.
    • Madkour, Muhammad Salam (d: 1405 AH), al-Madkhal li-Dirāsat Al-shariʻh Al-ʼslāmyyah, 1nd ed, Kuwait, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Hadith, 1966 AD.
    • Ibn al-Arabi, Muhammad bin Abdullah al-Ishbili al-Maliki (d: 543 AH), Al-Masalik fi Sharh Muwatta Malik, taken care of: Muhammad bin Al-Hussein Al-Sulaimani and Aisha bint Al-Hussein Al-Sulaimani, 1nd ed, Beirut, Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, 1428 AH-2007 AD.
    • Al-Ghazali, Muhammad bin Muhammad Al-Shafi'i (d: 505 AH), Al-Mustafai fi Usul al-Fiqh, ed: Muhammad Abd al-Salam Abd al-Shafi, 1nd ed, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1413 AH-1993 AD.
    • Al-Tayalisi, Suleiman bin Dawood (d: 204 AH), Musnad Abi Dawood Al-Tayalisi, ed: Muhammad bin Abdul Mohsen Al-Turki, 1nd ed, Cairo, Dar Hajar, 1419 AH-1999 AD.
    • Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d: 241 AH), Musnad Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal, ed: Shuaib al-Arnaout and Adel Murshid, 1nd ed, Beirut, Al-Risala Foundation, 1421 AH-2001 AD.
    • Al-Darimi, Abdullah bin Abdul Rahman (d: 255 AH), Musnad Al-Darimi, ed: Hussein Salim Asad Al-Darani, 1nd ed, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Dar Al-Mughni, 1412 AH-2000 AD.
    • Abd al-Wahhab Khalaf (d: 1375 AH), Sources of Islamic Legislation in What Is Not Stipulated, 6nd ed, Kuwait, Dar al-Qalam, 1414 AH 1993 AD.
    • Ibn Abi Shaybah, Abdullah bin Muhammad (d: 235 AH), al-Musannaf, edited by: Saad bin Nasser al-Shathri, 1nd ed, Riyadh, Dar Kunooz of Seville, 1436 AH-2015 AD.
    • Abu al-Husayn al-Basri, Muhammad ibn Ali al-Tayyib al-Mutazili (d: 436 AH), al-Mutamad fi Usul al-Fiqh, edited by: Khalil al-Mays, 1nd ed, Beirut, Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyya, 1403 AH.
    • Al-Tabarani, Suleiman bin Ahmed (d: 360 AH), al-Mujam al-kabīr, ed: Hamdi bin Abdul Majeed Al-Salafi, 2nd ed, Mosul, Maktabat al-ʻUlūm wa-al-Ḥikam, 1404 AH-1983 AD.
    • Ahmed Mukhtar Abdel Hamid (d: 1424 AH), Mujam alllughh alrbyyah al-muāṣirah, 1nd ed, Cairo, World of Books, 1429 AH-2009 AD.
    • Al-Bayhaqi, Ahmed bin Al-Hussein (d: 458 AH), Marifat alssunn wa-al-āthār, ed: Abdul Muti Amin Qalaji, 1nd ed, Damascus, Dar Qutayba, 1412 AH-1991 AD.
    • Ibn Faris, Ahmad al-Razi (d: 395 AH), Maqāyīs al-llugah, ed: Abd al-Salam Muhammad Haroun, Damascus, Dar al-Fikr, 1399 AH-1979 AD.
    • Ibn Hazm Al-Dhaheri, Ali bin Ahmed (d: 456 AH), Mulakhkhaṣ Ibṭāl al-qiyās wālrraʼy, ed: Saeed Al-Afghani, 1nd ed, Beirut, Dar Al-Muqtabas, 1435 AH-2014 AD.
    • Mohamed Beltagy, Manhaj ʻUmar ibn al-khiṭāb fī al-tashiyʻ, Cairo, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.
    • Al-Shatibi, Ibrahim bin Musa Al-Gharnati Al-Maliki (d: 790 AH), al-Muwāfaqāt, ed: Abu Ubaidah Mashhour bin Hassan Al Salman, 1nd ed, Dar Ibn Affan, 1417 AH 1997 AD.
    • Al-Armawi, Safi al-Din Muhammad bin Abd al-Rahim al-Hindi al-Shafi'i (d: 715 AH), Nihāyat al-wuṣūl fī dirāyat al-uṣūl, ed: Saleh bin Suleiman Al-Yusuf, Saad bin Salem Al-Suwaih, 1nd ed, Makkah Al-Mukarramah, Commercial Library, 1416 AH-1996 AD.
    • Ibn Aqeel, Abu al-Wafa Ali al-Baghdadi al-Hanbali (d: 513 AH), al-Wāḍiḥ fī uṣūl al-fiqh, ed: Abdullah bin Abdul Mohsen Al-Turki, 1nd ed, Beirut, Al-Resala Foundation, 1420 AH-1999 AD.
 
 
 
Statistics
Article View: 267
PDF Download: 135


Journal Management System. Powered by iJournalPro.com