The reality and determinants of organic agriculture in Iraq: A review of the most important studies and implemented programs ( The wheat Crop: A Case Study)

Kaleel, Diana Majeed; Kadhim, Zuhal Rdawi; Ali, Mohammed. Jassem

doi:10.58928/ku25.16428

	The reality and determinants of organic agriculture in Iraq: A review of the most important studies and implemented programs ( The wheat Crop: A Case Study)
Kirkuk University Journal for Agricultural Sciences (KUJAS)
Volume 16, Issue 4, December 2025, Pages 256-265 PDF (618.91 K)
Document Type: Review Paper
DOI: 10.58928/ku25.16428
Authors
Diana Majeed Kaleel^* ¹; zuhal rdawi kadhim²; mohammed. jassem ali³
¹University of Baghdad
²univercity of baghdad
³Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Crop Protection
Abstract
With scientific progress in agricultural sciences and the steady increase in population, many technologies have been used to increase production. These technologies include the use of chemical fertilizers and various chemical pesticides, including insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, nematodes, and other chemicals. These chemicals have disrupted the natural balance between these factors, on the one hand, and negatively impacted the environment, on the other. These negative effects on humans, animals, and plants are significant, with the aim of meeting the growing global population's need for crops. Estimates indicate that nearly half of the world's population is currently fed as a result of the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and chemical pesticides, which has led to severe environmental issues such as land degradation, pollution from non-point sources, and greenhouse gas emissions. This has prompted growing consumer awareness to demand the natural production of agricultural products, thus ensuring clean and healthy food and environmental conservation. This is known as organic, natural, biological, green, or clean production, all of which are different names for a type of agriculture without the use of dangerous chemicals or toxins. Previous studies indicate that the adoption of organic agriculture depends on several factors, including individual farm characteristics and farmer knowledge and training, as well as socioeconomic factors such as fertilizer supply chains and environmental policies. Despite these advantages, farmers should be encouraged to adopt organic farming due to its soil conservation and environmental friendliness. should be achieved through media campaigns (written, audio, and visual) on the importance of converting to organic farming. An insurance program should be established for organic crops, providing farmers with security in the event of their conversion to organic farming, given the sustainable nature of organic production, which produces healthy crops and feeds animals with safe and healthy products without harming the environment or humans.
Keywords
Keywords: Organic farming; Safe food; Sustainable development; Ecological balance; program

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