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Kadhim Kara Bekir and his Military and Political Activity in Türkiye Until 1948 | ||
| Journal of University of Anbar for Humanities | ||
| Volume 2025, Issue 4, December 2025, Pages 1355-1382 PDF (4.12 M) | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.37653/juah.2025.163857.1370 | ||
| Author | ||
| Qais Asaad Shaker* | ||
| Samarra Education Department - General Directorate of Salah al-Din Education / Ministry of Education | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Aims: This study investigates the military and political role of the Ottoman and Turkish leader Kazım Karabekir, a pivotal figure in the late Ottoman Empire and the foundation of the modern Turkish Republic. It analyzes his military command during World War I (1914–1918), his contributions to the Turkish National Movement and the War of Independence (1919–1922), and his subsequent political career following the Republic’s establishment, particularly during the presidency of İsmet İnönü. Methodology: A historical-analytical approach is employed, based on a critical review of Ottoman and modern Turkish sources, including military records and political documents pertaining to Karabekir’s career. The methodology involves reconstructing and assessing the key military and political events in which he participated to elucidate his influence on the late Ottoman state and the formative period of the Turkish Republic. Results: The analysis identifies Kazım Karabekir as a leading military commander in the late Ottoman period, recognized for his operational successes during World War I. His strategic importance increased during the National Struggle, where he executed critical missions on the Eastern Front with notable efficacy, earning him honorific titles such as "Conqueror of the East" and "Conqueror of Armenia." Following the Republic’s establishment in 1923, Karabekir transitioned into politics, emerging as a significant figure during İnönü’s presidency. His political influence culminated in his election as President of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey after the 1946 legislative elections, a position he held until his death in 1948. Conclusions: The study concludes that Kazım Karabekir was a seminal figure in modern Turkish history, whose legacy spans military leadership and political engagement. His contributions during the War of Independence and his legislative leadership in the early Republican era cemented his status as a foundational actor in shaping the political and military trajectory of Turkey. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Kadhim Kara bekir; Mustafa Kemal Ataturk; Turkish Grand National Assembly | ||
| References | ||
|
First: Turkish references:
1_Adnan Çakmak, Memoirs of Marshal Fevzi Çakmak, Written by: Murat Sertoğlu, Istanbul, 1975.
2_Ali Çiftçi, Political Life of Kazım Karabekir, PhD Thesis, Ankara, 2005.
3_Ali Fuad Cebesoy, Political Memoirs, Istanbul, 1957.
4_Ayfer Özçelik, Ali Fuad Cebesoy, Ankara, 1993.
5_Azmi Süslü and Mustafa Balcioğlu, Atatürk's Companions in Arms Atatürk, Research Center Honorary Members, Ankara, 1999.
6_Büşra Yiğit, I. and II. Kâzım Karabekir and His Activities in the 19th Term Turkish Grand National Assembly, Unpublished Master's Thesis, Manisa, 2018.
7_C. Taşkıran, Kâzım Karabekir Pasha's Military Life and Command, Istanbul, 1999.
8_Ergün Aybars, History of the Republic of Turkey–1, Ankara, 1995.
9_Feridun Kandemir, His Memoirs and Unables to Say with Rauf Orbay, Istanbul, 1965.
10_General Staff Military History and Strategic Studies Presidency, Turkish War in the First World War, Caucasus Front, 3rd Army Operation, Volume.1, Ankara,1993.
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16_Kâzım Karabekir, Diaries (1906-1948), Vol.1, Ed.: Yücel Demirel, İstanbul, 2009.
17_Kâzım Karabekir, My Life, Ed. Faruk Özerengin, Istanbul, 1995.
18_Kâzım Karabekir, Our War of Independence, Merk Publishing, Istanbul, 1988.
19_Kâzım Karabekir, The Fundamentals of Our War of Independence, Ed. F. Özerengin, Istanbul, 1995.
20_M. Fahrettin Kirzioğlu, Kâzım Karabekir, Ankara, 1991.
21_Muhammet Erat, “Kâzım Karabekir Pasha in the Battles of Çanakkale”, Management of the Battles of Çanakkale, Commanders and Strategies, Ankara, 2015.
22_Muhammet Erat, “Kâzım Karabekir’s Activities in the Balkan Wars”, Vol.2, Çanakkale, 2017.
23_Muhammet Erat, Activities of Kâzım Karabekir Pasha in the National Struggle Period (1919-1922), PhD Thesis, Istanbul 2001
24_Muhammet Erat, History of the National Struggle, Paradigma Academy, Istanbul, 2016.
25_Muhammet Erat, In the National Struggle Kâzım Karabekir Paşa, Türkler, Vol.15, Ankara, 2002.
26_Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Speech, Ankara, 1987.
27_Nuri Köstüklü, Kâzım Karabekir and Education, Konya, 2001.
28_Oktay Yenal, Economic History of the Republic, Istanbul, 2003.
29_Osman Selim Kocahanoğlu, Ambush on Atatürk: The Inside Story of the Izmir Assassination, Istanbul, 2012.
30_TBMM Journal of Minutes, Term:6, Vol.1, 1939, Ankara.
Second:Thesis and dissertations:
31_Qays Asaad Humaidi, Political Parties and Organizations in Turkey 1920-1930 AD, "Tikrit University Journal for Humanities", Volume: (28), Issue: (1), January 2021 AD.
32_Qays Asaad Humaidi, Tawfiq Rushdi Aras and his political and functional activity in the Ottoman Empire until 1918 AD, "Anbar University Journal for Humanities", Volume: (1), Issue: (4), December 2021 AD.
33_Qays Asaad Humaidi, Umma Party and its role in Turkey 1948-1950 AD, "Al-Malwiya Journal for Archaeological and Historical Studies", Volume: (8), Issue: (24), College of Archaeology - Samarra University, May 2021 AD.
34_Qays Asaad Humaidi, Fawzi Jaqmaq and his military and political role in Turkey 1876-1950, Master’s thesis (unpublished), College of Education, Samarra University, 2015 AD.
Third: Webs and social media:
35_The official page verified with the blue mark of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan on the social networking site Telegram, on the following links:https://t.me/RTErdogan (official page link) https://t.me/RTErdogan/59 (image link) ; https://t.me/RTErdogan/58 (comment link 1); https://t.me/RTErdogan/60comment link 2.
36_Article entitled: ((7 prominent Turkish figures whose pictures are carried on the Turkish lira)), on the following link:https://www.turkpress.co/node/11872.
37_Article entitled: ((The General Staff mourns Kazim Karabekir on the anniversary of his death)), on the following link:https://www.haber7.com/yazarlar/murat-yetkin/477357-genelkurmay-kazim-karabekiri-tarihten-bugune-tasirken. | ||
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