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Cardiotoxic Effects of Red Bull and Monster Energy Drinks in Developing Rats: Evidence of Dose-Dependent Myocardial Necrosis and Hemorrhage | ||
| Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Veterinary Medicine Sciences | ||
| Volume 24, Issue 2, December 2025, Pages 83-91 PDF (1.13 M) | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.29079/qjvms.2025.160131.1086 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Manal Hameed Raheem* ; Hanaa Enaya | ||
| Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq | ||
| Abstract | ||
| Energy drinks (EDs), e.g., Red Bull and Monster, are popular among adolescents and young; however, their cardiovascular adverse effects are a matter of concern given their high content of caffeine, taurine, and sugars. The aim of the study was to examine impact of two of the most common commercial energy drinks on the histological structure of the cardiac tissue for immature male albino rats. Methods: Forty young albinos male rats (5–6 weeks old, 120–140 g) were randomly divided into five groups (8 each). The control group was administrated normal diet and tap water. The initial group treated (T1) received Red Bull at a dose of 3.57 ml/kg, the second (T2) was 2xT1. T3 and T4 were injected with monster at the above dosages. The beverages were offered daily for 45d orally. After experiment, animals were killed with an overdose of anesthesia, and their hearts were excised and mounted for microscopic observation by conventional histological techniques. Results: In the control group, the heart was healthy and normal in appearance. Slight thinning of muscle fibers and mild disorganization were noticed in T1. T2 had more severe damage was characterized by tissue disruption, hemorrhage and necrosis. T3 also demonstrated moderate damage, with most severe changes observed in T4, which received the highest level of exposure to Monster (extensive tissue damage, fiber-interstitial bleeding, and cell necrosis). Conclusion: Prolonged consumption of energy drinks, especially at high doses, induced severe structural damage in cardiac tissue of growing rats, raising concerns about the safety of energy drink consumption among adolescents and young adults. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Energy drinks; Histopathology; Cardiac tissue; Immature rats; Myocardial damage | ||
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