Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction among Children with Type I Diabetes Mellitus in Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Children, Anbar, Iraq

Mohammed, Ahmed Ibrahim; Al-Rawi, Taghreed S. Saeed; Al-Ani, Mohammed Maher; Johan, Alaa Hameed

doi:10.33091/amj.2025.155987.2045

	Prevalence of Thyroid Dysfunction among Children with Type I Diabetes Mellitus in Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Children, Anbar, Iraq
Al- Anbar Medical Journal
Volume 22, Issue 1, January 2026, Pages 10-15 PDF (322.34 K)
Document Type: Original articles
DOI: 10.33091/amj.2025.155987.2045
Authors
Ahmed Ibrahim Mohammed¹; Taghreed S. Saeed Al-Rawi^* ²; Mohammed Maher Al-Ani³; Alaa Hameed Johan¹
¹Department of Pediatrics, Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Children, Anbar Health Directorate, Anbar, Iraq.
²Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq.
³Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq.
Abstract
Background: Thyroid dysfunction and type I diabetes mellitus (TIDM) often coexist. Many studies reported a higher prevalence of thyroid diseases among patients with diabetes. However, there is no local relevant study on this subject. Objective: To determine the prevalence of thyroid diseases among children with TIDM at Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Children. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Al-Ramadi Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Children from October 1, 2022, to May 1, 2023. Children aged 2-16 years of both sexes with TIDM who attended the hospital for any complaints were enrolled. All patients were screened for thyroid dysfunction. Results: Of 190 children with TIDM, 25 (13.2%) had thyroid disorders. Children with thyroid dysfunction had significantly higher rates of parental consanguinity, diabetic ketoacidosis, hospital admissions, and chest infections (P-value < 0.05). Children with thyroid disorders had a significantly higher rate of positive anti-thyroid peroxidase and antithyroglobulin antibodies (P-value < 0.05). Glycated hemoglobin levels were significantly higher in children with thyroid dysfunction than in those with normal thyroid function. Glycated hemoglobin levels were significantly correlated with thyroid-stimulating hormone (P-value < 0.05). Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction is a common comorbidity in children with TIDM. Affected patients exhibit a higher rate of diabetic ketoacidosis, hospital admission, and chest infection.
Keywords
Thyroid dysfunction; Type 1 diabetes mellitus; Children; Adolescents

References
[1] World Health Organization, "Classification of diabetes mellitus," 2019. [2] D. L. Eizirik, L. Pasquali, and M. Cnop, "Pancreatic β-cells in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: different pathways to failure," Nature Reviews Endocrinology, vol. 16(7), pp. 349-362, 2020. [3] G. D. Ogle, S. James, D. Dabelea, C. Pihoker, J. Svennson, J. Maniam, et al., "Global estimates of incidence of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Atlas," Diabetes research and clinical practice, vol. 183, p. 109083, 2022. [4] A. Green, S. M. Hede, C. C. Patterson, S. H. Wild, G. Imperatore, G. Roglic, et al., "Type 1 diabetes in 2017: global estimates of incident and prevalent cases in children and adults," Diabetologia, vol. 64, pp. 2741-2750, 2021. [5] Y. S. Eom, J. R. Wilson, and V. J. Bernet, "Links between thyroid disorders and glucose homeostasis," Diabetes & Metabolism Journal, vol. 46(2), p. 239-56, 2022. [6] L. Li, S. Liu, and J. Yu, "Autoimmune thyroid disease and type 1 diabetes mellitus: same pathogenesis; new perspective?," Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 11, p. 2042018820958329, 2020. [7] C. Nederstigt, E. P. Corssmit, E. J. de Koning, and O. M. Dekkers, "Incidence and prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in type 1 diabetes," Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, vol. 30(3), pp. 420-425, 2016. [8] C. C. S. S. V. Palma, M. Pavesi, V. G. Nogueira, E. L. S. Clemente, M. d. F. B. M. P. Vasconcellos, L. C. Pereira, et al., "Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus," Diabetology & metabolic syndrome, vol. 5, pp. 1-5, 2013. [9] B. Biondi, G. J. Kahaly, and R. P. Robertson, "Thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus: two closely associated disorders," Endocrine reviews, vol. 40(3), pp. 789-824, 2019. [10] L. Frommer and G. J. Kahaly, "Type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease—the genetic link," Frontiers in endocrinology, vol. 12, p. 618213, 2021. [11] G. Dhir, V. Jain, and A. Merritt, "Thyroid Disorders," Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice, vol. 51(3), pp. 405-415, 2024. [12] T. A. Addissouky, M. M. Ali, I. E. T. El Sayed, and Y. Wang, "Type 1 diabetes mellitus: retrospect and prospect," Bulletin of the National Research Centre, vol. 48(1), p. 42, 2024. [13] M. B. Gomes, F. O. Braga, K. G. Drummond, A. Pinheiro, F. Leal, L. C. Porto, et al., "Prevalence of autoimmune diseases in an admixed population of patients with type 1 diabetes: a multicenter study in Brazil," Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, vol. 16(1), p. 31, 2024. [14] M. F. Ridha and M. A. Al Zubaidi, "Thyroid auto immune antibodies in children with Type-I Diabetes mellitus in relation to diabetes control," Pakistan journal of medical sciences, vol. 35(4), p. 969, 2019. [15] A. Fatourechi, H. M. Ardakani, F. Sayarifard, and M. Sheikh, "Hypothyroidism among pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, from patients’ characteristics to disease severity," Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology, vol. 26(2), pp. 73-80, 2017. [16] S. K. Ardestani, A. H. Keshteli, N. Khalili, M. Hashemipour, and R. Barekatain, "Thyroid disorders in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Isfahan, Iran," Iranian journal of pediatrics, vol. 21(4), p. 502, 2011. [17] E. Spaans, E. Schroor, K. Groenier, H. Bilo, N. Kleefstra, and P. Brand, "Thyroid disease and type 1 diabetes in dutch children: a nationwide study (Young Dudes-3)," The Journal of pediatrics, vol. 187, pp. 189-193, 2017. [18] A. M. A. Shuhoub, Z. I. D. Aldrawani, and F. S. Arab, "Assessment of Thyroid Function in Type 1 Diabetic Pediatric Patients And It's Relation to Diabetes Severity," Zagazig University Medical Journal, vol. 28(6), pp. 1340-1345, 2022. [19] M. Alkot, H. Abdelbaki, A. Anewirah, A. Bagasi, A. Alshamrani, A. Alzahrani, et al., "Thyroid dysfunction among type 1 diabetic patients; the time for induction of screening strategies by family physician," Int J Med and Health Res, vol. 2(20), pp. 13-18, 2016. [20] H. T. Mashrah, R. S. Alghamedi, A. A. Faydh, N. E. Althobaiti, F. S. Alosaimi, M. Modhef, et al., "Prevalence of Thyroid disorders among patients with Type One Diabetes Mellitus," International Journal of Medicine in Developing Countries, vol. 3(11), pp. 926-932, 2020. [21] F. H. Mahmud, N. S. Elbarbary, E. Fröhlich-Reiterer, R. W. Holl, O. Kordonouri, M. Knip, et al., "ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: Other complications and associated conditions in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes," Pediatric diabetes, vol. 19(Suppl 27), p. 275, 2018. [22] A. Al-omrani, A.-k. Al-bahadily, and E. Reyadh, "Autoimmune thyroid disorder in children and adolescents with type I diabetes mellitus," International Journal of Pediatrics, vol. 6(4), pp. 7433-7442, 2018. [23] M. A. Omar, M. M. Rizk, A. A. El-Kafoury, and D. Kilany, "Screening for thyroid disease among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus," Alexandria Journal of Medicine, vol. 50(1), pp. 77-82, 2014. [24] T. S. Saeed Al-Rawi, N. S. Shamkhi, and N. S. Haddad, "Association of Anti-Thyroglobulin and Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies in Patients with Primary Hypothyroidism," Al-Anbar Medical Journal, vol. 19(2), p. 141-147, 2023. [25] C. Yuan, X. Sun, Y. Liu, and J. Wu, "The thyroid hormone levels and glucose and lipid metabolism in children with type 1 diabetes: a correlation analysis," Translational Pediatrics, vol. 10(2), p. 276, 2021. [26] S. Ahi, A. Amouzegar, S. Gharibzadeh, H. Delshad, M. Tohidi, and F. Azizi, "Trend of lipid and thyroid function tests in adults without overt thyroid diseases: A cohort from Tehran thyroid study," PLoS One, vol. 14(5), p. e0216389, 2019.
Statistics Article View: 520 PDF Download: 247