A Review of Tumor Markers and Their Clinical Applications among Iraqi Cancer Patients

Hussain, Abeer M.

doi:10.36582/ksj.2026.190788

	A Review of Tumor Markers and Their Clinical Applications among Iraqi Cancer Patients
Al-Kunooze Scientific Journal
Volume 12, Issue 1, January 2026, Pages 159-173 PDF (1.43 M)
Document Type: Review
DOI: 10.36582/ksj.2026.190788
Author
Abeer M. Hussain
Abstract
Understanding the fundamentals of pathophysiology, testing methods, the causes of tumor marker levels that are outside of the normal range, and the evidence-based role of tumor markers in malignancy is essential in clinical practice, as these parameters play an increasingly important role in all facets of cancer, from screening to post-treatment continuation. This is an auxiliary tool for making a diagnosis. In actuality, there is no such thing as an optimal tumor marker. Tissue, bodily fluids, or serum may all be tested for this. There are 4 major classes of experimental applications: screening (early detections), confirmative diagnosis, prediction, and recurrence/response to treatment. In certain situations, levels of serum can be utilized in determining the stage of disease, prognostication or response to therapy. The majority of markers of blood tumors utilized in clinical practice for disease monitoring. It is possible to identify disease recurrence before radiological evidence of illness is seen due to the high levels of tumor markers in blood. Examining tumor markers' significance for cancer patients' Researchers had believed that this might be a valuable tool for screening cancer patients and diagnosing the disease at an early stage, before symptoms appear, because tumor cells release biomarkers that can be tested in blood and other bodily fluids.
Keywords
Tumor markers; serum tumor markers; malignancy; metastasis

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