- All Journals
- Al-Qadisiyah University
- Basrah University
- Kirkuk University
- Mosul University
- The Iraqi Borad for Medical Specialization
- University of Anbar
- University of Technology
- Al Mustafa University
- Al-Zahraa University for Women
- Alnoor University
- Kunooz University
- Misan University
- Ninevah University
- Tikrit University
- University of Al-Hamdaniya
- University of Kerbala
Biofilm formation on multi, extensively, and pan-drug resistance in nosocomial ESKAPE pathogens among Iraqi patients | ||
| Journal of University of Anbar for Pure Science | ||
| Volume 20, Issue 1, April 2026, Pages 42-53 PDF (482.14 K) | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.37652/juaps.2025.166452.1794 | ||
| Authors | ||
| Samira M. Salman1; Mushtak T.S. Al-Ouqaili* 2; Bilal K.S. Al-Obaidi3 | ||
| 1Anbar Health Directorate, Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Anbar Governorate, Ramadi, Iraq | ||
| 2Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Anbar, Anbar Governorate, Ramadi, Iraq | ||
| 3Department of Mathematical, Department of Microbiology, College of Science, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq | ||
| Abstract | ||
| The study investigates the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pan-drug-resistant (PDR) profiles among ESKAPE pathogens. It examines the role of biofilm formation in the development of antimicrobial resistance. This cross-sectional study, conducted between May 2024 and March 2025, analyzed 546 clinical specimens collected from patients aged 1–85 years (mean ± SD = 36.07 ± 18.97) who were admitted to intensive care, ENT, internal medicine, gynecology, surgery, and burn units across several Iraqi hospitals, including Ramadi, Al-Fallujah, Heet, Ghazi Al-Hariri, Burns Specialist, Al-Yarmouk, and Al-Hakeem. Bacterial identification was performed using the VITEK 2 Compact system, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to CLSI (2024). Biofilm formation was assessed qualitatively using the microtiter plate method and quantitatively using sodium alginate beads. Of the 546 isolates, 331 (60.62%) were identified as ESKAPE pathogens; among these, 51.0% were MDR, 32.9% were XDR, and 9.4% were PDR. Biofilm formation was observed in 86.9% of the isolates. Notably, Staphylococcus aureus showed a significant association between MDR and strong biofilm formation (OR = 6.04, p = 0.018), whereas Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibited a weaker correlation (OR = 0.77, p = 0.015). The microtiter plate method (86.9%) demonstrated higher sensitivity than the alginate bead assay (82.4%), particularly for Enterobacter spp. (p = 0.002). The findings highlight the high prevalence of MDR, XDR, and PDR ESKAPE pathogens, particularly A. baumannii and K. pneumoniae, in Iraqi hospitals, underscoring the need to integrate antimicrobial resistance profiling and biofilm evaluation into infection control and therapeutic management. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Biofilm formation; ESKAPE pathogens; Multi-drug resistance, Infection | ||
|
Statistics Article View: 427 PDF Download: 382 |
||