Parallel diplomacy in the federal countries

Banyan, Hussein Abdul

doi:10.63677/jqlap.2025.191101

	Parallel diplomacy in the federal countries "Diplomacy of the region of Iraq Kurdistan as a example"
AL-Qadisiya Journal For Law and Political Sciences
Article 21, Volume 16, Issue: 2 part 2, December 2025, Pages 455-476 PDF (850.72 K)
Document Type: Research Paper
DOI: 10.63677/jqlap.2025.191101
Author
Hussein Abdul Banyan
Imam Al -Kazim College (PBUH) for university Islamic Sciences
Abstract
Many changes have entered into international relations that give the right to local administrations to enter international activity and practice it in some cultural, economic, commercial, and even political issues at times, which are proceeding parallel to the state's activity, and this requires the existence of legislative rules and federal institutions that control the scope and powers of the regions in its foreign relations, in a way that balances the freedom of the regions in expressing its interests, and preserving the unity of the foreign policy of the state, and there are reasons Many lies behind the crystallization of parallel diplomacy, the most important of which are political and economic developments at the level of the international system and within the countries themselves, as well as the impact of globalization and the rise of through national regimes, especially regional commercial areas, and the division of responsibilities between central and regional governments, and there is a global trend to adapt to this diplomacy by some countries and international organizations, and the Kurdistan region of Iraq practiced parallel diplomacy, and resort to Abram Many agreements with countries and regions in the form of understanding notes - and that almost exceeded the range set by the Constitution of the Republic of Iraq for the year 2005 - but in reality they are agreements to get out of the restrictions of constitutional texts, and they are tantamount to the explicit recognition of other international actors in the region as an international actor, and in the result the federal constitution is the basic stone on which the federal state is based; Because he is the one who distributes the powers between the central government and the governments of the regions, and determines the mechanism and authority to conclude diplomatic treaties and representation.
Keywords
parallel diplomacy; federal state; constitution; conclusion of treaties; diplomatic representation

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Parallel diplomacy in the federal countries "Diplomacy of the region of Iraq Kurdistan as a example"