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Bilateral Economic Agreements and Their Impact on Geo-Economic Influence: A Case Study of Türkiye-Africa | ||
| Journal of Anbar University for Law and Political Sciences | ||
| Article 27, Volume 16, Issue: 1, March 2026, Pages 794-849 PDF (1.36 M) | ||
| Document Type: Research Paper | ||
| DOI: 10.37651/aujlps.2025.164994.1587 | ||
| Author | ||
| Fatima Hassan Jassim* | ||
| Nahrain University / College of Political Science / Department of International Economic Relations Baghdad / Al-Jadriya | ||
| Abstract | ||
| This study presents a theoretical-analytical approach to explaining how bilateral economic agreements are used as a tool to enhance geo-economic influence, with an interpretive application to Turkish-African relations. The study relies on a narrative review of peer-reviewed Arabic and English literature to construct a conceptual framework for geo-economics, its tools, actors, and its positioning within the theories of structural power and unequal interdependence. The study frames bilateral agreements within an institutional structure encompassing trade, investment, taxation, finance, and logistics connectivity, linking legal texts to enforcement mechanisms and governance. The study categorizes the types of Turkish-African agreements (free/preferential trade agreements, investment protection and promotion agreements, double taxation avoidance agreements, sectoral memoranda of understanding, and financing and guarantee arrangements) and identifies their implementation tools (joint committees, arbitration, customs cooperation, and transportation networks). The study proposes a channels of influence model that transforms agreements into influence through four interconnected channels: trade, supply chains, and corporate positioning; direct investment, technology transfer, and capacity building; infrastructure, development finance, and development diplomacy; and institutional soft influence (education, culture, and business councils). The study analyzes the moderating determinants of influence in the African context, highlighting the role of governance, stability, regional integration (such as the AfCFTA), and major power competition in enhancing or inhibiting influence. The study explores the network of Turkish actors (the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, TİKA, DEİK, Eximbank, and the private sector), their African counterparts, and regional blocs as implementing levers for agreements. | ||
| Keywords | ||
| Geo-economics; Bilateral Agreements; Turkey–Africa; Trade and Investment; Infrastructure | ||
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